論預備行為的風險評價

預備行為實行化成為中國刑法修正的一大趨向，呼喚著構建體系化的風險評價規則。預備行為實行化的法理基礎是預備行為的不法性推定，表現為巨大的危險性，由可能的危害性和該危害的可能性動態地構成。中國刑法實踐趨向和網絡罪情演變表明，可能的危害性這一構成要素的該當包含三種情形———受威脅的法益性質重大、法益數量眾多、法益種類眾多;在刑法不可接受的危害性的判斷標準上，應當從形式上的法定刑幅度邁向實質上的生活質量受威脅的程度。對於危害的可能性這一構成要素，應當從預備行為的鏈條結構出發，客觀上要求預備行為顯著地提升了危害的可能性程度，甚至相當於實行行為的侵害可能性。認定預備行為的危險性之後，應當探索預備行為實行化的階層式規則體系，在預備行為的風險不法性、有責性和規制的技術性層面進行構建。

The trend of treating preparatory actions as perpetration has become significant in the revision of Chinese criminal law, calling for the development of systematic risk assessment rules. The theoretical basis for treating preparatory actions as perpetration is the presumption of illegality due to their substantial danger, dynamically constituted by their potential harm and the likelihood of that harm. The trend in Chinese criminal law practice and the evolution of cyber-crimes indicate that the element of potential harm should encompass three scenarios: the threatened legal interest is significant, the number of legal interests is numerous, and the types of legal interests are diverse. The standard for unacceptable harm should shift from the formal statutory penalty range to the substantive degree of threat to quality of life. For the element of potentiality, it should be assessed based on the chain structure of preparatory actions, requiring that these actions significantly increase the likelihood of harm, potentially equivalent to the harm of the completed act. After assessing the danger of preparatory actions, a tiered rule system for treating preparatory actions as perpetration should be explored, addressing the illegality, culpability, and regulatory technicalities of preparatory actions.