邏輯學在法學中的應用及其難題──以歐洲大陸法學的知識成長作為考察樣本

在“希臘化時代”，羅馬法學家開始自覺地學習、引進古希臘(尤其是斯多葛學派的)辯證法(術)，把羅馬法學逐漸發展成為一種希臘化風格的專門學問，提出較為系統完整的法學理論。在12—15世紀，意大利“注釋法學派”和“評注法學派”確立了意大利、乃至整個歐洲大陸法學教學與研究的傳統，這兩個學派的法學家採取當時流行的“經院主義辯證法(術)”，奉行一種強調形式論辯的“論題學精神”。近代法學受自然科學確立的知識范式以及自然法學說或理性法體系的影響，渴望完全被科學化或數學化，按照自然科學標準構想法律公理(邏輯)體系，企圖實現“法律公理(邏輯)體系之夢”。19世紀以來，法學受到學者們的反思和批評，並遭遇一些邏輯難題(難以判斷法律語句內容的真假)。對此，法學家和邏輯學家提出了不同的解答方案:比如，特奧多爾·菲韋格的“法律論題學”、沙伊姆·佩雷爾曼的“新修辭學”、斯蒂芬·圖爾敏的“論證圖式”和馮·賴特的“道義邏輯”，等等。

During the Hellenistic period, Roman jurists began to consciously study and adopt ancient Greek dialectical methods, particularly those of the Stoics. This led to the gradual development of Roman jurisprudence into a Hellenistic-style specialized discipline, which formulated a more systematic and complete legal theory. In the 12th to 15th centuries, the Italian“Glossators”and“Commentators”established the traditions of legal teaching and research in Italy and throughout continental Europe. These scholars utilized the popular“scholastic dialectic”of the time. They generally adhered to a“thesis-antithesis”approach that emphasized formal debate. Modern legal scholarship, influenced by the paradigm of knowledge established by natural sciences and natural law theories or rational legal systems, sought to achieve complete scientific or mathematical precision. This aspiration led to the development of legal axiomatics (logic), with the goal of realizing the“dream of a legal axiomatics (logic) system”. Since the 19th century, legal scholarship has faced reflection, criticism, and some logical challenges, such as the difficulty in determining the truth or falsity of legal statements. In response, legal scholars and logicians have proposed various solutions. Examples include Theodor Viehweg's“Theory of Legal Topic”, Chaïm Perelman's“New Rhetoric”, Stephen Toulmin's“Argumentation Schemes”, and von Wright's“Deontic Logic”, among others.