美國出口管制法域外適用的擴張路徑與中國應對

Expansion Approaches of Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Export Control Laws and China’s Countermeasures

百餘年來，美國在出口管制領域拓展管轄外國物項、實體和出口行為，並輔以嚴格的法律責任，使其建立起了體系龐雜、內容關聯的出口管制法域外適用規則體系。為推廣國內造法實踐及經驗，粉飾域外管轄權衝突，美國以司法為幕後推手的自平衡機制成為域外適用過度擴張的工具。分析美國對域外立法管轄權基礎和限制原則解釋的流變，可以發現，美國以國內法為界定立法禮讓之圭臬，並強調行政機構的解釋權威。以此為鑒，我國提升出口管制法域外適用的能力，應堅持拓展域外立法管轄的適宜標準，批判借鑒美國的立法技術，合理利用司法的衝突協調功能。

For more than a century, the United States has expanded its jurisdiction over foreign items, entities and export behaviors in the field of export control, and supplemented it with strict legal liability, so that it has established a system of rules for the extraterritorial application of export control laws with complex and related content. In order to promote domestic law-making practice and experience, and to whitewash extraterritorial jurisdictional conflicts, the self-balancing mechanism promoted by the judiciary in the United States, has become a tool for excessive expansion of extraterritorial application. Analyzing the evolution of American interpretation of the basis and restrictive principle of extraterritorial legislative jurisdiction is helpful to find that the United States has gradually defines legislative comity through domestic law and emphasizes the interpretation authority of the executive branch. Taking this as a reference, China should enhance its capacity in the extraterritorial application of export control laws by adhering to the appropriate standards for expanding the jurisdiction of extraterritorial legislation, critically drawing on the legislative techniques of the United States, reasonably utilizing the conflict coordination function of the judiciary.