“雙碳”目標下國際貿易合作的綠色新規範——以歐盟自由貿易協定的環境條款為視角

New Green Norms for International Trade Cooperation under the“Dual-carbon”Goal: Perspective of the Environmental Provisions of EU Free Trade Agreements

在“雙碳”目標下，以歐盟為代表的發達經濟體頻頻借助各類貿易協定工具，將自身環保監管紀律、標準和規則強行塞入其自由貿易協定中，並將這些紀律、標準和規則作為締約對方獲准進入歐盟市場的資格要求。這主要表現在：笫一，要求締約對方參加、有效實施多邊環境協定，監督其履約情況以增強偏軟法的國際義務的約束力；第二，要求締約對方不得減損既有保護水平，履行棘輪條款義務，甚至提出要同步跟進歐盟不斷推高的環境保護水平（動態對齊）；第三，設置政府間協調與合作、民間參與、爭端解決機制等綿密的程序性規範，以保障自由貿易協定環境條款的實施。歐盟環境條款的域外效力擴張對發展中國家構成一種新型隱蔽的貿易壁壘，對此，我們有必要客觀辯證地檢視歐盟這套新貿易規則並採取有效的因應之策。

Under the“dual-carbon”goal, the developed economies represented by the EU frequently use various trade agreement tools to force their own environmental regulatory disciplines, standards and rules into many of their FTAs as a qualification for the other Contracting Party to be allowed to enter the EU market. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects: first, the contracting parties are required to participate in and effectively implement multilateral environmental agreements, and supervise the implementation of multilateral environmental agreements so as to enhance the binding force of soft international obligations; The second is to require the other contracting party not to derogate from the existing level of protection, to fulfill the ratchet obligation, and even to synchronously follow up the EU’s continuously increased level of environmental protection (dynamic alignment); The third is to set up dense procedural norms such as intergovernmental coordination and cooperation mechanism, civil participation mechanism and peculiar dispute settlement mechanism to ensure the implementation of FTAs environmental provisions. The extraterritorial expansion of the EU’s environmental provisions constitutes a new type of hidden trade barrier for the developing countries that will limit their trade policy spaces. In view of this, it is necessary for us to objectively and dialectically examine the new trade rules of the EU and take effective countermeasures.