美國雙邊引渡條約條款範式的實證研究——兼與中國的比較

An Empirical Study on Paradigms of Clauses in American Bilateral Extradition Treaties：A Comparison with China

美國雙邊引渡條約發展歷史長達150多年，從實證的角度可分為早中晚三個時期。三個時期既相互承接又各具特色，大致經歷了從簡單到複雜、從粗疏到精致的範式發展過程。在這個發展過程中，有一些一直不變的條款範式，如政治犯不引渡條款、雙重胞罪條款、特定性原則條款和暫緩引渡條款等。這些條款見證了引渡習慣法的識別和形成過程。也有一些具有典型現代意義的條款範式，如死刑犯不引渡條款、本國國民不引渡條款、代表條款、溯及力條款等。還有一些獨具美國特色的條款，如合理根據條款、無關時效條款等。另有一些被淘汰的條款，如非政治犯特定性原則條款、財稅犯罪不引渡條款等。中國引渡條約的條款範式有的已後發地吸取了美國現代引渡條約的一些元素，有的還沒有全面展開。在中國未來引渡條約的構建中，可根據我國國情適當揚棄美國範式。

From the empirical point of view, the bilateral extradition treaty of the United States has a history of more than 150 years of development, which can be divided into three periods. Each period is inter-connected with one another, but also has its own characteristics. The development has roughly experienced the process from simple to complex, and from crude to exquisite. In this process of development, there are some clauses that have remained unchanged, such as the political offense non-extradition clause, the dual criminality clause, the specialty principle clause and the deferred extradition clause. These clauses witness the process of the identification and formation of the customary law of extradition. Some paradigms of clauses have shown typical modern influence, such as the clause on non-extradition of death penalty, the clause on non-extradition of nationals, the clause on representation, and the clause on retroactivity, etc. There are also some clauses with unique American characteristics, such as probable cause clause, non-limitation clause and so on. There are also some eliminated provisions, such as the non-political offense specialty principle provisions, financial crimes non-extradition provisions and so on. By comparing with China, it is found that some of the paradigms of China’s extradition treaties have absorbed some elements of the modern extradition treaties of the United States, while others have not been fully developed. In the construction of China’s future extradition treaty, the American paradigm can be suitably adopted or abandoned according to China’s national conditions.