國際法院臨時措施中的可信度審查：追溯與展望

Plausibility Test in Provisional Measures of the International Court of Justice：Retrospect and Prospect

當前國際法院臨時措施制度中最活躍的問題之一，是對申請國權利的可信度審查。對申請國“權利存在可能性”的審查，經歷了從考量因素到獨立要件的演變。可信度審查是指在法律框架內，判斷申請國權利主張處於從不可信到確定真實之間的某一位態，並據此決定法院應否對此權利主張採取保護行動。可信度審查有助於彌合臨時措施制度的價值衝突，在國際法人本化的背景下，其對平衡國際法院不同角色間的職能衝突亦有重要意義。國際法院在進行可信度審查的過程中，形成了以權利為審查內容、是否滿足證據要求由法官自由裁量的審查模式。為提升臨時措施裁決的確定性，可增加“權衡”步驟對臨時措施要件進行綜合考量。

One of the most active issues in the legal regime of provisional measures in the International Court of Justice today is the plausible test of the rights of the applicant State. The examination of the“probability of the existence of rights”of the applicant state has evolved from an element of consideration to an independent element. The plausibility test refers to the determination of the right claimed by applicant state which ranges from“the right that is not plausible”to“the right that is certain to be true”within the legal framework, and whether the court should take protective action in response to this claim. The emergence of the plausibility test has helped to resolve the conflict of values in the provisional measures system. In the context of the humanisation of international law, the plausibility test is of great significance in balancing the conflicting functions of the different roles of the International Court of Justice. In applying the plausibility test, the International Court of Justice has developed a model of review in which the content of the review is“rights”and the judge has discretion to determine whether the evidentiary requirements have been met. In order to enhance the certainty of provisional measures decisions, the“balance of interests”step can be added to comprehensively consider the provisional measures requirements.