涉印度國際投資仲裁裁決的執行問題研究

Study on Legal Issues of the Enforcement of India-related International Investment Arbitral Awards

印度對國際投資仲裁的態度轉向消極，拒絕主動執行國際投資仲裁裁決。勝訴的外國投資者無論是在印度還是在其他國家申請強制執行涉印度國際投資仲裁裁決均面臨法律困境，鮮有成功。尤其是，印度不是《華盛頓公約》的締約國，並在《紐約公約》中作了商事和互惠保留，且相關雙邊投資協定對國際投資仲裁裁決執行的規定過於簡單，國內法中關於國際投資仲裁裁決執行的規定缺失，以及外國投資者面臨“揭開公司面紗”原則適用難度大和國家豁免問題，這些都成為涉印度國際投資仲裁裁決執行的主要法律障礙。隨著中國投資者與印度投資爭端的增多，訴諸國際投資仲裁將成為中國投資者的重要救濟手段。為應對涉印度國際投資仲裁裁決執行難的問題，建議中國與印度協商簽訂新雙邊投資協定時明確投資爭端屬商事爭議，並增加國際投資仲裁裁決執行條款，同時強化磋商、調解在國際投資爭端解決中的重要作用。

India’s attitude towards international investment arbitration has turned to be negative and it refuses to voluntarily comply with international investment arbitral awards. Foreign investors as the prevailing party seeking to enforce India-related international investment arbitral awards in India or elsewhere face legal difficulties and are rarely successful. In particular, India is not a contracting party to the Washington Convention, and has made commercial and reciprocity reservations to the New York Convention, as well as quite simple provisions on the enforcement of international investment arbitral awards in BITs. Besides, India has no law on the enforcement of international investment arbitral awards, and foreign investors have great difficulties in persuading courts to pierce the corporate veil and face the application of sovereign immunity in the enforcement of international investment arbitral awards. These have become major legal obstacles for foreign investors to enforce India-related international investment arbitral awards. With the increasing number of investment disputes between Chinese investors and Indian government, resorting to international investment arbitration will become an important approach for Chinese investors to protect their interests. In order to solve the legal difficulties that Chinese investors will confront with in enforcing India-related international investment arbitral awards, it is suggested that China and India negotiate a new bilateral investment treaty, and the new BIT should make it clear that“investment disputes”in the bilateral investment treaty belong to commercial disputes of New York Convention, add one clause on the enforcement of investment arbitral awards, and strengthen the important roles of consultation and mediation in the settlement of international investment disputes.