刑事一體化視角下的輕罪應對

Addressing Misdemeanors from an Integrated Criminal Perspective

我國現行《刑法》未對輕罪作出明文規定，但大致可以將三年有期徒刑以下刑罰的犯罪歸入輕罪的範疇，當然特定犯罪除外。近年來輕罪激增的原因較為複雜，既有立法層面增設輕罪這一直接原因，也有司法層面基於刑罰輕緩化的政策要求和形勢變化的時代背景而提升定罪量刑標準這一重要原因。未來，應在刑事一體化視野下妥當應對輕罪。就貫徹刑法謙抑原則而言，最為緊迫的是通過優化定罪量刑標準有效控制幫助信息網絡犯罪活動罪等多發輕罪的入罪範圍;就推進綜合治理而言，最為重要的是實現行刑有序銜接，既要立足當下通過司法裁量實現“出刑轉行”，又要立足長遠謀劃對《刑法》規定的行為在《治安管理處罰法》中允許比照適用，實現“兩法銜接”，切實發揮《治安管理處罰法》事實上的“輕罪法”作用;就貫徹程序優先理念而言，要充分發揮審前分流作用，避免輕罪案件“紮堆”進入審判程序，並在降低羈押率的前提下擴大非監禁刑的適用;就完善前科制度而言，可以輕微犯罪記錄封存制度為突破口，並採取“程序修法先行，實體修法跟上”的具體策略，進一步實現犯罪的輕重有序治理。

While China’s current criminal law does not explicitly define misdemeanors, offenses punishable by less than three years of imprisonment generally fall into this category, with some exceptions for specific crimes. The recent rise in misdemeanors is attributed to several factors: the legislative expansion of such offenses, judicial policies that elevate conviction and sentencing standards in response to demands for lighter penalties, and evolving circumstances. In the future, an integrated approach is needed to effectively address misdemeanors. To uphold the principle of restraint in criminal law, it is crucial to optimize conviction and sentencing standards to control the scope of offenses, particularly for those such as aiding cybercrime, which has become more common. In terms of comprehensive governance, seamless coordination between criminal and administrative penalties should be achieved. In the short term, judicial discretion can be employed to transition certain cases from criminal procedures to administrative handling. Long-term strategies include aligning behaviors regulated by the Criminal Law with provisions in the Public Security Administration Punishment Law, enhancing the latter’s role as a“misdemeanor law”. Moreover, procedural justice must be prioritized by utilizing pre-trial diversion mechanisms to prevent an influx of misdemeanor cases in court, while expanding the use of non-custodial sentences and lowering detention rates. To improve the criminal record system, the introduction of a record-sealing system for minor offenses could serve as a breakthrough, using a strategy where procedural reforms precede substantive legal changes, thus creating a more orderly system for distinguishing between major and minor crimes.