倫理人格與技術人格：人工智能法律主體地位的理論框架

目前人工智能法律主體地位的理論探討遵循兩種路徑:一是將人工智能作為具有高級智能的類人“種群”來進行理論預判;一是探討賦予當前弱人工智能某種法律擬制人格來承擔責任和享有權利。對此有必要提出“倫理人格”和“技術人格”的區分理論，來界定人工智能主體地位的不同理論面向。人格區分現象在傳統民法中已然存在，它呈現為以人格抽象程度為標誌的人格遞進序列，其中存在著兩種人格的“漸變”和“斷裂”現象。人工智能作為倫理主體遇到了“自我意識”的難題，目前的弱人工智能尚不能獲得獨立的倫理人格，規制技術開發者的科技倫理起主導作用，同時不排除人機交互倫理可能會賦予機器人某種道德性“權利”。就人工智能的技術性人格而言，如果只是將人工智能作為“個體”進行研究，並無自然人的意思表示機制和機器人自身財產的支撐，賦予機器人技術人格便不完全具備條件。未來人工智能的主體性將依照兩種人格的路徑各自發展，以技術人格的探索先行，逐漸進行倫理人格的塑造，人類或機器人的倫理人格最終成為技術人格的依歸。

At present, the theoretical discussion of the legal subject status of AI follows two paths: one is to treat AI as the“population”similar to human beings with advanced intelligence; the other is to grant the legal personality, to a certain extent, to the weak artificial intelligence, so as to assume responsibility and rights. It􀆳s necessary to puts forward a theory to distinguish the“ethical personality”and“technical personality”, to define the different theoretical orientation of AI. The differentiation of personality already exists in the traditional civil law, which is demonstrated as a progressive sequence marked by the abstract degree of personality, and there exist the phenomena of“gradual change”and“fracture”of these two kinds of personalities. As ethical subject, AI encountered the problem of“self-consciousness”, and thus the current weak AI cannot obtain the independent ethical personality, so it is the technological ethics regulating technology developers to dominate this issue, meanwhile, the ethics on human- computer interaction may grant the robot a certain kind of moral“rights”. With specific reference to the technical personality of AI, if it is studied as an“individual”, it can not make an expression of its intent and own property as natural person, and consequently it is not fully qualified to grant technology personality to a robot. In the future, the subjectivity of AI will develop in the path of the two personalities above mentioned, namely it􀆳s development will be led by technical personality, and be gradually shaped by the ethical personality. The ethical personality of human beings or robots will eventually become the final destination of technical personality.