臺灣閩南語輕方位名詞探索

Light Locative Nominals in Taiwanese Southern Min

方位介詞詞組中輕方位名詞是不可或缺的要件。臺灣閩南語（又稱台語）輕方位名詞分成兩類：（1）指稱物體在空間中的各種面向∕軸向的輕方位名詞；（2）泛輕方位名詞。本文的探索聚焦於第二類的輕方位名詞，稱為泛輕方位名詞。這類輕方位名詞是光桿名詞，必須與其他成分（如指示代詞或修飾語）組合，多半指稱相對於作為指示中心的說話者的空間位置。本文針對台語「兜」tau1、「處∕塊」te3、「位」ui7、「所在」soo2tsai7這四類泛輕方位名詞，探究例句中和其他成分的組合限制。與之對照是，融合指示代詞和輕方位名詞「跡」liah4的指示方位詞「此∕彼」tsia1 / hia1，可獨用、且帶指示意，當然和其他成分也有不同的組合限制。泛輕方位名詞「塊」te3也可和情態詞組「通」thang1組成合音詞，充當外在動力情態詞「處」tang3。光桿輕方位名詞「塊」te3可以和方位介詞「佇」ti7組合成進行∕持續體的體貌標記ti7 leh8 (< te3)。「塊」te3也可以併入動詞「到」kau3後，失去詞彙意義。總之，泛輕方位名詞對某些功能詞的形成起關鍵的作用。

There are two kinds of light locative nominals (LLN) in Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM): (1) LLNs that denote spatial orientations with respect to objects, and (2) LLNs that mostly denote location with respect to the locus of interlocutors without indicating the spatial orientation of objects. The paper focuses on the second kind of LLNs dubbed Pan-LLNs. They are bare nominals coupled with deictic elements or other modifiers that are most often used to denote the location of an entity with the speaker acting as the deictic center. We focus on four pan-LLNs: tau1, te3, ui7, and soo2tsai7 in TSM aiming at pinning down their co-occurrence restrictions with other elements. By contrast, deictic locative nominals such as tsia1 and hia1 as a fusion of the deictic elements and the pan-LLN liah4 show different patterns of co-occurrence. Pan-LLNs may combine with modals to produce circumstantial modals such as tang3 resulting from the merger of te3 and thang1. The bare pan-LLN te3 may compose with the locative preposition ti7 to produce the progressive/continuative aspect marker ti7 leh8 (< te3). Te3 may incorporate into the verb kau3 and lose its lexical meaning. Thus, certain light locative nominals play a pivotal role in the formation of some functional categories in TSM.