亞洲重要城市仕紳化特徵與社會階層置換──應用系統綜述分析

Exploring Gentrification Features and Social Class Displacement in Asian Cities - A Systematic Synthesis Review

仕紳化(Gentrification)論述始於1964年英國倫敦，隨著不同階段都市發展進程，仕紳化的應用更臻多元如「新建仕紳化」、「交通仕紳化」與「商業仕紳化」等。仕紳化發展的大略分類為三個階段，1960至1970年代常見於北美、西歐的市中心地區；1970至1980年代隨著全球化發展，仕紳化發生區位不再局限於北美與西歐，更進一步延伸至全球其他地區，並觸及經濟與文化層面之仕紳化發展；1990年代中期以降仕紳化區位不再局限於都市內部區域，且仕紳化類型更臻多元，推動者來自於私部門資本投入或是政府政策引導。仕紳化定義與發展態樣多奠基於歐美城市的發展，惟亞洲城市紋理與發展特性與歐美存在差異，是以本研究嘗試應用系統綜述分析方法蒐集彙整亞洲重要城市仕紳化研究成果，研究結果顯示亞洲重要城市關注於討論新建仕紳化、商業仕紳化、交通仕紳化與觀光仕紳化，且多數地區皆觸及社會階層置換所衍生的支持與反對情形，尤其當原居民或非正式居住者被迫遷離或驅離，可能衍生更嚴峻的抗爭行為。本研究貢獻主要是以亞洲重要城市為場域，蒐集彙整仕紳化態樣、社會置換情形，以及支持與反對情形，期供臺灣重要城市推動都市（再）發展過程時，仍得應用合宜都市治理手段兼顧社會正義。

The discussion of gentrification starts in 1964 in London, UK. With the different stages of urban development, the application of gentrification has become more diverse, including“newbuild gentrification,”“transportation gentrification,”and“commercial gentrification.”The development of gentrification can be generally classified into three stages. In the 1960s to 1970s, it was commonly seen in the downtown areas of North America and Western Europe. In the 1970s to 1980s, with the development of globalization, gentrification no longer occurred only in North America and Western Europe but extended to other regions in the globe, affecting economic and cultural aspects of gentrification development. From the mid-1990s onwards, gentrification no longer confined itself to inner-city areas, and the types of gentrification became more diverse, driven by private sector capital investment or government policy guidance. While the definitions and development patterns of gentrification have predominantly been influenced by European and American cities, the urban fabric and development characteristics of Asian cities differ. Hence, this study endeavors to employ a systematic review method to gather and synthesize significant research findings on gentrification in major Asian cities. The results highlight that major Asian cities primarily engage in discussions on new-build gentrification, commercial gentrification, transportation gentrification, and tourism gentrification. Many regions also address the supportive and opposing circumstances stemming from social class displacement, particularly when original or informal residents face compelled relocation or eviction, potentially leading to heightened resistance. The primary contribution of this study lies in its focus on major Asian cities, compiling and summarizing gentrification patterns, social displacement scenarios, and supporting or opposing circumstances. So this paper stresses the necessity of applying suitable urban governance measures for prioritizing social justice.