生於時代的思想：《監視與懲罰》的知識社會學考察

Thoughts Born of Their Time: A Sociological Inquiry of Knowledge in Discipline and Punish

《監視與懲罰：監獄的誕生》這本書出版於1975年；不僅被譽為傅柯最優秀、最重要的書，同時亦是傅柯學術生涯關鍵轉折的標誌。《監視與懲罰》一改過去傅柯使用的考古學研究方法，改採系譜學的方法，除了探討刑事司法體制的演變，也是關於「權力」概念的具體的研究成果。從1970年代起，傅柯積極投身社會運動，並將親身參與的運動與其研究主題揉合，創立了「監獄訊息小組」，進而催生了《監視與懲罰》。本文將藉由爬梳這段傅柯親身投入的社會運動經歷，來理解《監視與懲罰》的寫作背景與社會脈絡。另一方面，本文也嘗試提出一些不同的視角，來理解這本著作；它是歷史學著作，是傅柯生命經驗的註腳，是關於權力的系譜學研究，是對權力的多元思考途徑且以此拒斥單一真理史觀，是反監獄的經典研究，並且勾勒出了現代社會個體的「生產性」命運。

Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison is not only hailed as Michel Foucault’s magnum opus but also marks a pivotal turning point in his academic career. In this monograph, Foucault departs from the archaeological methodology he previously employed, adopting instead a genealogical approach. This work, in addition to examining the evolution of the criminal justice system, represents a grounded study of Foucault’s conceptualization of power. From the 1970s onward, Foucault became actively involved in social movements, integrating his personal participation, and reflections, into his research. His founding of the“Prison Information Group,”a key player in social activism, ultimately gave birth to Discipline and Punish. This article seeks to understand the background and social context of the book’s production by tracing Foucault’s personal engagement with social movements. Furthermore, it also attempts to offer alternative perspectives for interpreting this work. We should consider Discipline and Punish a historical text, a reflection of Foucault’s lived experiences, a genealogical study of power, a means of rethinking power relations while rejecting a singular historical truth, a classic work in anti-prison research, and a sketch of productive individuals in modern society.