從認知語用視角解析華語極致程度的誇飾表達

Hyperbolic Expressions of Extreme Degree in Mandarin: A Cognitive-Pragmatic Perspective

本研究旨在從認知語用視角探究華語極致程度的表達所涉及的認知機制。議題包括：（1）探究極致程度表達中補語所涉及的認知機制；（2）探究補語認知機制與結構的配搭關係。本研究以新聞文本為語料，以高頻狀態動詞「帥」為目標，針對三類表程度結構：動補結構、「得」字結構與「到」字結構，共蒐集60項誇飾性極致表達。本研究採用意象基模與事件腳本轉喻作為理論框架，釐清極致程度表達背後的認知機制。研究結果指出極致程度的語意建構是透過「程度結構」、「補語選用」與「上下文」三者之互動而獲得詮釋。此外，在補語選用方面，涉及兩類認知機制：基於事件腳本轉喻機制，展現極高的語境依存性；基於意象基模機制，則展現較高的語意獨立性。在程度結構方面，本研究主張結構本身亦蘊含意象基模，動補程度結構涉及「使能基模」；「到」字程度結構涉及「路徑基模」與「程度基模」整合之複合基模；「得」字程度結構則是涉及「等級基模」，值得注意的是，結構所涉及意象基模對補語的選用有制約作用。極致程度表達是華語語法的學習難點，本研究從認知語用視角有系統地梳理其背後的認知機制，期能協助華語教學者與學習者理解華語極致程度的表達機制。

This study investigates hyperbolic expressions of extreme degree in Mandarin Chinese from a cognitive pragmatic perspective, with a focus on complement-generation mechanisms and their interaction with constructional patterns. Two research questions guide the analysis: (1) What cognitive mechanisms underlie the generation of complements in extreme-degree expressions? (2) How do these mechanisms interact with degree constructions? Using news texts as corpus, the study targets the high-frequency stative verb shuài“handsome”with 60 instances of hyperbolic extreme-degree expressions identified across three construction types: stative verb–complement degree constructions, dé-degree constructions, and dào-degree constructions. Event-script metonymy and image schemas are adopted as the theoretical framework to clarify the cognitive mechanisms at work underlying the expression of extreme degree. The results indicate that the semantic construction of extreme degree does not rely solely on degree complements, and that some complements themselves lack degree implications. Instead, semantic construction is informed by the interaction among degree structure, complement choice, and contextual factors. With respect to complement generation, complements derived from event-script metonymy exhibit stronger context dependence, whereas those derived from image schemas display greater semantic independence. Structurally, stative verb–complement degree constructions involve the Enablement Schema; dào-degree constructions integrate the Path Schema and the Degree Schema into a compound schema; and dé-degree constructions are associated with the Scale Schema. These findings suggest that degree constructions themselves embody image schemas, which in turn constrain complement selection and structural collocation. By proposing a cognitive framework that accounts for complement generation and constructional compatibility, the study offers insights into the cognitive underpinnings of extreme-degree expressions and provides pedagogical implications for the learning and teaching of Mandarin grammar.