宋元禪僧語錄之偈頌所見雲遊活動及其文化意涵

Traveling Activities and Their Cultural Implications as Seen in the Madhyamaka’s Quotations of Chan Monks of the Song and Yuan Dynasties

禪僧的雲遊生活是漢傳佛教僧眾社會生活的重要面向之一。本文透過宋元時期禪師語錄中的雲遊詩偈，解析禪師雲遊所攜帶的具體物品及雲遊目的，揭示禪師雲遊活動的東亞文化影響。從物質層面來看，禪僧腳穿草鞋或藤屨以雲遊天下，行走間又以七尺拄杖節省體力、自我防衛，而他們隨身攜帶的拄杖、草鞋與其它生活用品能有效地協助完成行旅。在實踐意義層面，考察禪僧雲遊行為，可以發現他們主要目的為：遊方參學、禮拜祖師塔、勸募化緣三類。此外，禪宗僧才的跨域交流蔚然成風，四川、江西、福建、雲南等地禪僧輻輳浙江，促使不同禪風互相交融。外僧學有所成後，又返鄉傳播所學，從而形成了禪林衲子雲遊修學的良性循環。而從東亞視域觀察，日韓禪僧不遠萬里而來，他們師從中國禪僧尊宿，同樣參學問道、巡禮聖地、禮拜觀音菩薩、聖僧等，在歸國之際乞師作詩相贈。凡此種種，均促進了東亞禪宗文化密切深入地交流與交融，顯現出中國佛教之禪宗文化在東亞禪文化圈中的軸心地位。

Chan monks’traveling life was an important aspect of the social life of the monks of Chinese Buddhism, as can be seen in the Chan poetry and Chan verse on traveling in the discourses of the Chinese Chan masters of the Song and Yuan dynasties. In material aspect, Chan monks wore straw or rattan sandals and used seven-foot-long green or black crutches to save energy and defend themselves. The crutch straw shoes and other items they carried could effectively ensure a smooth travel for Chan monks. In religious practice aspects, it can be found that there are mainly three activities in their travel, to study, to worship the patriarch’s pagoda and to beg for food and money. In interaction aspect, domestic Chan monks from Sichuan, Jiangxi, Fujian and Yunnan province, etc. converged in Zhejiang province, which brought occasions for different Chan Style to intermingle with each other. Besides, foreign monks learned and then returned home to spread their learning. Thus, a virtuous cycle of Chan monks’traveling and improving study is formed. East Asia, Japan and South Korea Zen monks from thousands of miles away came to learn to practice the Tao, participate in the tour to the holy land of Mount Tiantai, Mount Putuo and worship the Goddess of Mercy, the Holy Monk, the Sage. Once returning to their own country, they also ask for Chan verse from their Chan professor. All these religious and cultural interactions have greatly contributed to the close and in-depth exchange of Chan culture in East Asia, and also reveal the axial position of Chinese Buddhist Chan culture in East Asia Chan culture circle.