看得見與看不見的女性貢獻：台灣營造業勞工碑的性別分析

Visible and Invisible Contributions of Women: A Gender Analysis of Construction Industry Worker Memorials in Taiwan

女性的勞動付出經常被結構性地忽視，慶祝工程成就沒有她們的位置，悼念勞動犧牲也輪不到她們出場。本文全面清查台灣營造業的勞工碑，保留多少女性勞動者的身影？分析的文本，除了史料、碑文、檔案、新聞報導等書面資料，還包括實地探勘、現場查踏所見的紀念碑材質、設計、與空間配置。以現今的性別與勞動視框，回溯當年工地現場的政經背景，建構複雜多元的勞動樣貌。
台灣營造史百年來，只有三座勞工碑看得到被紀念的女性：1930年的「嘉南大圳殉工碑」，將員工家屬的病歿者納入；1992年的「南迴鐵路殉職員工紀念碑」，首度出現女性工殤者的姓名；2007年的「台北101伙伴碑」有數千名女性參與者列名，打破性別分工的刻板印象。看不見的女性犧牲，以兩個官方設立的工殤碑再現了社會的性別偏見：2003年建於高雄市的「全國工殤紀念碑」，碑文強調工殤是男性犧牲、女人小孩流落街頭；2007年於台北市破天荒出現「外籍勞工工殤紀念碑」，在亡者名單的收集上卻僅見享有勞保、列入重大職災統計的男性移工，而排除以女性為主的家務移工。找尋勞工碑的女性身影，既是重構勞動歷史，也是肯認女性貢獻，與當代社會對話。

The labor contributions of women are often systematically overlooked, with their presence absent in celebrations of engineering achievements and their sacrifices unacknowledged in memorials. This article comprehensively examines memorials in the Taiwanese construction industry to uncover the representation of women’s labor. The analysis involves various textual sources, including historical records, inscriptions, archives, and news reports, as well as on-site surveys to study memorials’materials, designs, and spatial configurations. Through a contemporary gender and labor lens, the article explores the political and economic contexts of construction sites in the past, constructing a nuanced and diverse picture of labor.
In the hundred-year history of Taiwan’s construction industry, only three worker memorials visibly commemorate women: the“Wusanto Reservoir Martyrdom Memorial”in 1930, which includes family members who died of disease while living in the employee’s dormitory; the“Southern Circuit Railway Worker Memorial”in 1992, the first to display the names of female workers sacrificing their lives because of occupational injuries; and the“Taipei 101 Partner Memorial”in 2007, which lists thousands of female participants, breaking stereotypes associated with gender roles in construction industry. The invisible sacrifices of women are brought to light through two officially established worker memorials, reflecting societal gender biases: the“National Mourning Memorial”erected in Kaohsiung in 2003 emphasizes male sacrifices, portraying women and children as left vulnerable and facing hardship on the streets; in 2007, the groundbreaking“Foreign Workers Memorial”in Taipei City features only male migrant workers with labor insurance coverage, excluding female domestic workers. The search for the presence of women in worker memorials serves not only to reconstruct labor history but also to acknowledge women’s contributions and engage in a dialogue with contemporary society.