論亞里斯多德《範疇論》同義詞與派生詞之區別

On the Synonym-Paronym Distinction in Aristotle’s Categories

亞里斯多德於《範疇論》第一章區分同名詞、同義詞、派生詞，《範疇論》第二至四章區分「關乎主詞」與「在主詞之內」，而《範疇論》第五章之後區分實體與其他九個範疇。這三個部分看似沒有明顯的關聯性。這篇論文將提出一項詮釋架貫穿三者。我指出，《範疇論》第一章從同名詞著手討論，是為了導入同義詞與派生詞之區分。《範疇論》第二至四章「在主詞之內」與「關乎主詞」的四重劃分，其中關於「不在主詞之內」與「在主詞之內」的區分恰恰呼應了《範疇論》第一章關於同義詞與派生詞的區分。而《範疇論》第五章關於實體與種類種差的討論，以及《範疇論》第六至八章關於數量、關係、性質的討論，則進一步支持上述區分架構。最後我試著說明這項詮釋架構的意涵。亞里斯多德於《範疇論》第一章關於同義關係與派生關係的討論，提供了世間諸事物存有學上優先性：涉及同義關係的事物優先於涉及派生關係的事物。

It appears that there is no significant connection among the discussion of homonyms, synonyms, and paronyms in Chapter 1 of Aristotle’s Categories, the discussion of“in a subject”and“of a subject”in Chapters 2-4, and the discussion of substance and the other nine categories since Chapter 5. In this paper I offer a framework of interpretation that bridges these three parts of the Categories. I argue that the Categories begin from the discussion of homonyms so as to introduce the distinction between synonyms and paronyms, and that the distinction between“not in a subject”and“in a subject”in Chapters 2-4 resonates the synonym-paronym distinction in Chapter 1. I argue that the distinction between the discussion of substance, species, genus, and differentiae in Chapters 5 and the discussion of the other nine categories afterwards gives a further support to the framework of interpretation concerning the synonym-paronym distinction. Finally, I will briefly talk about the implications of the synonym-paronym distinction in Aristotle’s Categories, which suggests an ontological priority of the things that exist, namely, the things that involve the synonymous relation are prior to the things that involve the paronymous relation.