近代東亞的「新興佛教」與社會主義──以妹尾義郎與林秋梧為中心

New Buddhism and Buddhist Socialism in Modern East Asia: With a Focus on GirōSenoo and Lin Qiuwu

近代東亞各國面對西方文明的進入與挑戰，不得不對於千年未有之變局做出因應。其中，近代日本佛教界的變革，深刻且具體地影響著東亞其他地區佛教的改革發展。近代日本的佛教改革運動，始於明治時期對於「舊佛教」的批判與反省。歷經三代日本佛教知識菁英接續建構而成的「新佛教」，在進入大正中後期至昭和後，受到社會主義思潮影響，面對反宗教運動的挑戰，出現會通社會主義與佛教的佛教社會運動。
本文首先述及近代日本的新佛教運動與佛教社會主義之發展，進而梳理妹尾義郎（1889-1961）與林秋梧（1903-1934）二位在1920-1930年代受到社會主義影響的日臺佛教社會運動者，及其推動的「新興佛教」，以探究近代東亞新佛教改革運動下，日臺佛教改革者間可能存在的連結與影響。

As modern East Asian countries faced the entry and challenge of Western civilization, they had no choice but to respond to an unprecedented historical shift. The subsequent reforms within modern Japanese Buddhism profoundly and concretely influenced the reform and development of Buddhism in other East Asian regions. The modern Buddhist reform movement in Japan began in the Meiji period with criticism and reflection on the“old Buddhism.”Over three generations, Japanese Buddhist intellectual elites constructed what came to be known as“New Buddhism.”By the late Taishōto Shōwa era, influenced by socialist ideology and facing challenges from anti-religious movements, Buddhist social movements that synthesized socialism and Buddhism emerged.
This paper first discusses the development of the New Buddhist movement and Buddhist socialism in modern Japan. It then examines GirōSenoo (1889-1961) and Lin Qiuwu (1903-1934), Japanese and Taiwanese Buddhist social activists respectively, who were influenced by socialism in the 1920s and 1930s and sought to promote“Revitalized Buddhism.”This research aims to investigate possible connections and influences between Japanese and Taiwanese Buddhist reformers within the broader context of the New Buddhist reform movement in modern East Asia.