論朱熹、輔廣和朱公遷對《詩經》詩人之情的詮釋與轉變

The Transformation of Poet Sentiments in the Classic of Poetry: An Analysis of the Interpretations Advanced by Zhu Xi, Fu Guang, and Zhu Gongqian

本文主要探討從朱熹（1130-1200）、輔廣到朱公遷如何詮釋《詩經》的詩人情感問題，以及有何轉變。朱熹提出不同於《詩序》的思維方式，強調作者「情性之自然」的重要性，注意「溫柔敦厚」的自覺態度，並強調以「心」循理而做主宰；輔廣繼朱熹之後，從「所以然」和「所當然」論情與理的關係，主張人的欲望要循天理而發，注意「敬」的修養工夫；朱公遷關注《詩經》「興」體詩中，詩人情感中「理」的四種含意，並由文王、賢者與淫者作為「理」、「欲」關係消長的代表，同時朱公遷關注「良心」，凸顯「心」在「氣之靈」的活動義。《詩經》中的情感表現，在他們有意傳承與發展的詮釋中，成為具結構性的生存概念，而《詩經》也逐步完成宋元時期作為經典的實質條件。

This article examines how Zhu Xi朱熹(1130-1200), Fu Guang輔廣, and Zhu Gongqian朱公遷construed the sentiments of poets in the Classic of Poetry and also explains the differences in their respective interpretations. Zhu Xi brought forward a distinct way of thinking from the Great Preface, highlighting the significance of the authors’spontaneous emotions, the consciousness of being gentle and kind-hearted, and the importance of following one’s“heart.”After Zhu Xi, Fu Guang explored the relationship between sense and sensibility from the perspective of“being”and“oughtness.”He advocated that one allow human desires to arise naturally and that one pay attention to the cultivation of jing敬. On the contrary, Zhu Gongqian focused on poems that employed an implied comparison (xing興), where the poets’sentiments have four meanings. He compared King Wen of the Zhou周文王, whom he regarded as a virtuous worthy (xianzhe賢者), with licentious individuals (yinzhe淫者), using them as representatives of how the relationship between reason and desires waxes and wanes. At the same time, Zhu Gongqian concentrated on the“conscience,”accentuating the significance of the“heart”in the“numinous qi氣.”The expression of emotions in the Classic of Poetry, through intentional inheritance and interpretive development, thus became a structurally significant concept, and the Classic of Poetry gradually came to be regarded as a key classical text in the Song and Yuan dynasties.