2020東京奧運會性別平等了？！女性運動員在現代奧運會的發展與挑戰

Was There Gender Equality at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics? The Development and Challenges of Female Athletes in the Modern Olympic Games

現代奧林匹克運動會從1896年開始舉辦至今，從原先沒有任何女性運動員參與至2020東京奧運會男女運動員人數參加比例將近1:1，這是女性在124年的舉辦歷程中的漫長與艱辛的奮鬥歷程。然而，參與人數的平等能否體現到實質性別平等呢？本研究採用運動的社會結構為研究框架，以政治、經濟和社會價值觀等三個方面作為主要立論，探討女性運動員參與現代奧運會的過程中嵌入社會脈絡的深層關係，來檢視現代奧運會發展至今將近百年以上才逐步邁向稱之為性別平等的2020東京奧運會，有哪些關鍵發展階段且又面臨哪些挑戰問題，以作為後續現代奧運會與相關運動組織對於女性運動員參與議題的參酌。結果發現，在國家形象與獎牌競爭的錦上添花的幫助之下，各個國家地區也順勢藉由提升女性運動員參賽與獲獎的吸引力事件表徵，實質則是落實高度商業化和獎牌競爭的深層意涵結果，國家積極參與爭奪奧運會獎牌除了展現國家光榮的潛在商業利益之外，更多的是具有競爭力的女性運動奪牌的競爭背後更是成為推高女性參與比例的重要因素。再加上從追求選手數量平等到全面性別平等的轉變，仍需要國際奧會及各運動組織積極制訂相關政策，持續努力實現更完善的環境。

For the first time since the modern Olympic Games were first held in 1896, the ratio of female to male athletes in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics was been nearly 1:1, which shows the long and arduous struggle for women in the 124-year history of the Games. However, does equality in participation translate into substantive gender equality? This study adopts the social structure of sport as the research framework, and uses the political, economic, and social values as the main support.The deep-rooted relationships embedded in the social context of female athletes' participation in the modern Olympic Games are explored, in order to examine the critical development stages and challenges faced by the modern Olympic Games, which have been developed for more than a hundred years and progressed towards the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, which will be known as called the Olympic Games of Gender Equality. The study also addresses questions that should be considered by future modern Olympic Games and related sports organizations regarding the participation of female athletes. It was found that, with the help of national image and medal competition, countries and regions have also taken the opportunity to enhance the attractiveness of female athletes to participate and win awards, which in fact is the result of implementing the deeper meaning of high commercialization and medal competition. The competition has been an important factor in pushing up the proportion of women's participation. In addition, the change from the pursuit of equality in terms of the number of athletes to full gender equality still requires the IOC and various sports organizations to actively formulate relevant policies and make continuous efforts to achieve a better environment.