漢語「被」字句與日語被動句的對比研究──聚焦於語法、語用及學習者偏誤分析

A Contrastive Study of the Mandarin Bèi Construction and the Japanese Passive Sentence: Focusing on Syntax, Pragmatics, and Learner Errors

本研究旨在對比分析漢語「被」字句與日語被動句的語法結構和語用特點。本文探討漢語「被」字句的語法特徵，指出其對補語和指稱有制約，而日語被動句則無此限制。本研究進一步分析了日語被動句的四種類型：直接被動句、中間被動句（所有物的被動句）、間接被動句，以及無生命性主語的被動句。本文還探討日語主語，當句子的事態與第一人稱有關時，主語通常為第一人稱，且被動句施事多由非第一人稱充當，而漢語則無此限制，主語視角較為自由。漢語「被」字句施事必須是定指或泛指，日語被動句的施事則不受指稱的限制。此外，根據學習者的語料，本研究分析日籍學習者「被」字句的使用情況，並指出學習者在學習過程中常見的偏誤，包括「被」字遺漏、「被」字冗贅、「被」字錯用、動詞錯用、補語遺漏及施事選擇錯誤等。本文認為，對日語被動句特徵的理解，有助於華語教師更有效地指導日籍學習者學習華語「被」字句。

This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the syntactic structure and pragmatic features of the Chinese bèi-construction and Japanese passive sentences. It explores the syntactic characteristics of the Chinese bèi-construction, highlighting its constraints on complements and referential expressions—constraints that Japanese passive constructions do not exhibit. The study further analyzes the four types of Japanese passives: direct passives, middle passives (possessor passives), indirect passives, and passives with inanimate subjects. It also discusses how, in Japanese, the subject is typically first-person and the agent is usually non-first-person, while Chinese does not impose such restrictions, allowing greater flexibility in subject perspective. Based on learner corpus data, this study examines the use of the bèiconstruction by Japanese learners of Chinese, identifying common errors such as omission of bèi, redundancy, misselection of bèi, incorrect verb choice, omission of complements, and incorrect agent selection. The study concludes that a better understanding of the characteristics of Japanese passives can help Chinese language instructors more effectively guide Japanese learners in mastering the Chinese bèi-construction.