日本煤礦工人之勞動與離職保護法制之初探：兼論臺灣煤礦工人離職之處境

A Study on the Legal System for Labor and Life Protection for Retired Miners in Japan: A Comparative Analysis with Taiwan

本研究旨在探討日本離職礦工的勞動與生活保護法制，從日本礦業勞動政策與體制的觀察角度，說明日本政府對於有關礦工之勞動與生活保護的制度建構。首先，本文將回顧日本煤礦業勞動體制的演變，包括二戰前後的煤礦產業整體發展、勞資爭議型態的變換與日本政府勞動政策、體制的轉變。其次，聚焦於日本離職礦工與礦工老後之生活保障，說明「炭礦離職者臨時措置法」的立法背景及炭礦離職者求職手冊制度之內容概要與意義，接著介紹「石炭鉱業年金」制度之意義與主要內容。再者，探討戰後我國對於離職礦工之勞動保護制度，發現我國對於礦工之保護並未跳脫一般勞工之保護制度。綜合言之，儘管我國煤礦產業業已終止，但就現階段言，我國仍應對於當前離職礦工之老後生活、勞動等特性有相當認識，在此前提下，以礦工人權保護為中心形成我國本土離職礦工保護政策之核心思維，參考外國相關礦業勞工保護制度之設計理念與架構，建構一套我國從事於各礦業工作者於離職後之退休安養，特別是經濟生活維持所需之相關法律制度或措施。

This study aims to explore the legal framework for labor and life protection for displaced coal mine workers in Japan. From the perspective of observing Japan’s mining labor policies and systems, it elucidates the Japanese government’s construction of systems pertaining to the labor and life protection of miners. Firstly, the paper reviews the evolution of the labor system in the Japanese coal mining industry, encompassing the overall development of the industry before and after World War II, the transformation of labor-management disputes, and the changes in Japan’s labor policies and systems. Secondly, it focuses on the post-employment and retirement life protection for displaced coal mine workers in Japan, explaining the legislative background of the ''Act on Temporary Measures concerning Ex-Workers of displaced coal mine worker'' and outlining the content summary and significance of the job application passbook system for displaced coal mine workers. Subsequently, it introduces the significance and main content of the ''coal mining pension'' system. Furthermore, it explores Taiwan’s post-war labor protection system for displaced coal mine workers, revealing that Taiwan’s protection for coal miners does not deviate from the general labor protection system. In conclusion, despite the cessation of Taiwan’s coal mining industry, it is imperative for Taiwan to have a thorough understanding of the characteristics of post-employment and retirement life for displaced coal mine workers. On this premise, we will focus on protecting the human rights of miners and form the core thinking of our country’s retired miners protection policy. By referring to the design concepts and frameworks of foreign related mining labor protection systems, we will construct a set of relevant legal systems or measures for the retirement and pension of our country’s mining workers after they leave their jobs, especially for maintaining their economic life.