自動撒水系統對地下停車場電動車火災的滅火效能研究

Research on fire-extinguishing efficiency of an automatic sprinkler system for the electric vehicle fire in a underground parking lot

近年來氣候變遷加劇，為減少二氧化碳排放量，各國政府皆致力於推動運具電動化，國內電動車與充電樁數量正逐步增加，相較於傳統燃油車，電動車的電池系統一旦起火燃燒將釋放出大量有毒氣體和高溫，對消防人員和周圍環境造成嚴重威脅。
本研究主要探討電動車停放於地下停車空間，當電動車起火燃燒，如何設置自動撒水設備能有最大的滅火效益。本研究使用火災模擬軟體（Fire Dynamics Simulator, FDS）進行模擬，比較不同撒水系統設置方式對電動車火災之影響，分析密閉濕式與開放式撒水設備，在不同的防護半徑、放水壓力、放水量等條件進行比較，同時也分析依照NFPA規範設置的自動撒水設備及細水霧設備對於電車是否有足夠的滅火效能。
經電腦模擬，因電動車鋰電池放置於汽車底盤，且為避免車輛行駛時碰撞、震動等衝擊損害電池穩定性，故皆有加固與包覆，造成滅火水滴無法觸及燃燒面，燃燒熱釋率難以下降，使得自動撒水設備滅火效能減低。如不考慮電池遮蓋，採用開放式撒水設備並增加放水壓力，對於電動車滅火有較好之功效。霧滅火設備規劃參考。

In recent years, climate change has intensified, prompting governments worldwide to promote electrification of transportation to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The number of electric vehicles and charging stations is gradually increasing. Compared to traditional fuel vehicles, electric vehicle battery systems release a large amount of toxic gases and high temperatures when they catch fire, posing a serious threat to firefighters and the surrounding environment.
This study primarily investigates the installation of automatic sprinkler system in underground parking spaces for electric vehicles to maximize fire extinguishing efficiency in the event of a fire. Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software is used for simulation, comparing the effects of different automatic sprinkler system on electric vehicle fires. The study analyzes enclosed wet and open automatic sprinkler system under various conditions such as protection radius, water pressure, and water discharge. It also examines whether automatic sprinkler system and automatic mist system installed according to NFPA regulations provide sufficient fire extinguishing capability for electric vehicles.
Through computer simulations, it is found that lithium batteries of electric vehicles are placed under the vehicle chassis and are reinforced and covered to ensure stability and protect against impact and vibration during vehicle operation. This arrangement prevents water droplets from reaching the burning surface, resulting in difficulty in reducing the burning heat release rate and decreasing the fire extinguishing efficiency of automatic water spraying devices. However, without considering battery covers, using open water spraying devices and increasing water pressure proves to be more effective in extinguishing electric vehicle fires.