體系創新：《民法典》合同編發揮債法總則功能

我國《民法典》的分則體系設計並未採納傳統大陸法系國家的民法典體系，未設置債法總則，而將合同、侵權責任獨立成編，將有關無因管理、不當得利等制度置於合同編“准合同”部分，這一體系獨具特色:雖沒有形式意義上的債法總則，但仍然具有實質意義上的債法總則。《民法典》將債法的共通性規範規定在合同編通則之中，是我國民事立法經驗的總結，是《民法典》體系的重大創新。我國《民法典》以合同編發揮債法總則的功能，有利於法官找法，便利法律適用，有利於法律人在適用《民法典》時注重法定之債和意定之債的差異性。以合同編發揮債法總則功能符合比較法的發展趨勢。為了充分發揮《民法典》合同編的債法總則功能，應協調《民法典》合同編與總則編的關係，在區分合同之債與非合同之債的基礎上發揮合同編的債法總則功能，同時對“准合同”的規則進行準確定位，準確理解合同編債務不履行規則對侵權之債的適用。

The structure of the specific part of Civil Code of China departs from the traditional model adopted by many civil law jurisdictions by not establishing a general provisions of the law of obligations. Instead, it organizes contract and tort law into separate books and places doctrines such as negotiorum gestio and unjust enrichment under the“Quasi-Contracts”section of the Contract Book. This distinctive structure, though lacking a formal general provisions on obligations, effectively functions as a substantive general provisions. The Civil Code of China integrates general rules of obligations within the general provisions of the Contract Book, representing both a summary of China's legislative experience and a significant innovation in codification. By enabling the Contract Book to perform the function of a general provisions for obligations, the Civil Code facilitates legal reference for judges, promotes coherent application, and encourages legal practitioners to distinguish between obligations arising from agreement and those imposed by law. This approach aligns with comparative legal developments. To fully realize the Contract Book's role as the de facto general provisions of obligations, it is essential to coordinate its relationship with the General Provisions Book, clarify the distinction between contractual and non-contractual obligations, properly position the rules on quasi-contracts, and accurately interpret the applicability of contractual non-performance rules to tortious obligations.