良知之美：王門心學美學及其當代意涵

The Beauty from the Ultimate Consciousness（Liángzhī）: On the Idealist (xinxue) Aesthetics of Wang's School and Its Contemporary Implications

鑑於藝術由技進於藝、藝進於道境界提昇之重要性，以及王門心學在藝術境界提昇之功能，且能提供關於藝術與藝術教育之洞見，本文探討之目的包括：（一）分析王門心學美學之背景；（二）闡釋王陽明、王龍溪與其他後學之心學美學要義及其影響；以及（三）闡釋王門心學美學對當代藝術與藝術教育之意涵。王門心學美學之背景涉及程朱理學、陸王心學之二分；雖然王陽明兼受朱陸影響，但其仍有自己之洞見與獨特理念。本文對王陽明、王龍溪、羅念菴與劉蕺山，以及相關藝術家徐渭與王日華等之心學美學思想加以闡明。王門心學美學對文人畫有直接的影響，如徐渭，同時王日華亦承繼儒家道藝觀；間接的啟迪如石濤等人，且於當代東西方藝術有若合符節之相應處。此外，王門心學美學對當代藝術與藝術教育中藝術意義與價值、藝術主體性、美感境界以及精神性提昇等深具啟示作用。

Based on the understanding of the importance of enhancing the artistic state of mind from skill to art and hence to the Tao, and the function of the Idealist (xinxue: the Learning of the Heart-and-Mind) aesthetics of Wang Yangming and his disciples for such enhancement, providing insights for art and art education, the objectives of this article include three aspects: (a) to analyze the background of the Idealist aesthetics of Wang Yangming and his disciples; (b) to interpret the main conceptions and influences of the Idealist aesthetics of Wang Yangming, Wang Longxi and other disciples; and (c) to interpret the implications of the Idealist aesthetics of Wang’s school for contemporary art and art education. The background of the Idealist (xinxue) aesthetics of Wang Yangming involves the dichotomy of Cheng-Zhu (Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi) School of the supreme principle (Li; lixue: the Learning of Principle) and Lu-Wang (Lu Jiuyuan, or Lu Xiangshan, and Wang Yangming) School of the heart (or the Heart-and-Mind) (Xin; xinxue: the Learning of the Heart-and-Mind) ; Yangming has his own insight and unique ideas in spite of receiving both the influences from Zhu and Lu. The thoughts concerning Idealist aesthetics of Wang Yangming, Wang Longxi, Luo Nian-an, and Liu Jishan, as well as related artists, Hsu Wei and Lee Zuhua, are illuminated. This Idealist aesthetics has directive impacts on literati painting, such as Hsu Wei, Lee Zuhua inheriting the Confucianist view of art as Tao, or indirective inspirations, such as Shitao etc., also corresponding to contemporary the Eastern and Western art. In additions, the Idealist aesthetics of Wang’s school is profoundly heuristic to art meaning and value, art subjectivity, aesthetic state of mind, as well as spirituality enhancement in contemporary art and art education.