在「離散」與「反離散」之外：馬尼尼為、曹疏影的「漂移」書寫

Drifting Beyond“Diaspora”and“Against Diaspora”: A study of Maniniwei and Cao Shuying

史書美提出華語語系文學（Sinophone literature），以多元、去中心挑戰中國大陸中心的文學史觀。「反離散」（against diaspor-a）是史氏華語語系文學重要立論，強調海外華人融入定居地社會，從而與中國性（Chineseness）解綁。「離散」（diaspora）以祖國原鄉召喚遊子愁思，「反離散」則號召直認他鄉作故鄉。二者給跨境者的都是非此即彼的選擇。然而，在「離散」與「反離散」之外，家的想像還有其他可能，即本文提出的「漂移」（drifting）。馬尼尼為（1980s-）生長於馬來西亞，如今在臺灣生活逾二十年。她早年既與故鄉疏離，又不與臺灣親近，似無以為家。與之相對，曹疏影（1979-）從東北至北京，而後輾轉香港、臺灣，無論故鄉他方，她對每一處都投入熱愛，似四處為家。本文將文本置於作者生命軌跡與社會歷史語境之中，引入「地方」（place）概念及身分理論，闡發何為「漂移」：一、不定向。漂移不拘於以中國大陸為起點的跨境行為，且路線並非單一線程，可以折返往復。二、不固定。漂移如水般流動不固定，原鄉故國或他方新家都不必然是終點，再離散、連續離散亦是漂移之可能。跨境者的情感與身分亦不固定，呈流動、多元乃至自我矛盾之相。總而言之，「漂移」強調關注作為個體的跨境者，以其獨特的生命經驗與情思，豐富華語語系跨境論述。

Shu-mei Shih promotes the concept of Sinophone literature, which challenges the Sinocentric view of literature with its multiplicity and decentralization. A key argument in Shih’s framework is“against diaspora,”which underscores the integration of overseas Chinese into their local societies, thereby disassociating from an inherent Chineseness.“Diaspora”beckons the nostalgia of homeland, while“against diaspora”calls for the acknowledgment of the foreign land as the new home. Both dialectics present a binary choice to the transborder individuals. Beyond“diaspora”and“against diaspora,”this paper introduces the concept of“drifting.”Maniniwei (1980s-), a figure who grew up in Malaysia and has lived in Taiwan for over twenty years, initially felt alienated from her homeland and distant from Taiwan, seemingly without a place to call home. Conversely, Cao Shuying, born in 1979, moved from Northeast China to Beijing, and then to Hong Kong and Taiwan, investing deep affection in each place, making everywhere home. This paper places the texts within the authors’life trajectories and the socio-historical context, employing the concept of“place”and theories of identity to explicate“drifting”: Firstly, it is directionless. Drifting does not adhere to border crossings from mainland China, and its routes are non-linear, allowing for return and recurrence. Secondly, it is unanchored. Like water, drifting is fluid and without a fixed stance; the homeland, previous country, or new locale does not necessarily serve as a terminus, and successive diasporas are also possible within drifting. The emotions and identities of transborder individuals are likewise unanchored, exhibiting fluidity, diversity, and even contradictions within themselves. In sum,“drifting”focuses on transborder individuals as entities, enriching the discourse on Sinophone transborder narratives with their unique life experiences and emotional complexities.