明後期大同鎮麻氏將門考論

Research on the Ma Clan of the Datong Military Fortress in the Late Ming Dynasty

明後期九邊大同鎮形成了以麻祿、麻錦、麻貴、麻承恩等人為代表的麻氏將門，其來源是元末明初東勝州編入大同右衛右所的「回回人」，初為普通軍戶，以靖難之役始獲基層世職。一方面，他們作為衛所制下的山後達官，聚族編防，早有根基；另一方面，在北部邊防體制危機下，他們在鎮戍營伍制度中得到了新的機會。麻氏凡逢戰事皆舉家參與，獲捷累累，同時積蓄大量人馬、財產等資本。在軍政制度設計的保障下，其族長期深耕本土，即便調防也多就近陞轉，且祖孫、父子、叔侄、兄弟往往同營共事，甚至連續擔任同一職務，從而擁有豐富的仕履經驗和人脈網絡。在明後期文尊武卑的環境下，麻氏又以通好文官為奧援，為家族發達鋪路。但麻家亦因貪腐、交結而捲入朝堂爭鬥，且在明季一系列戰役失利，人員、經濟、政治地位遭受重創，勢力漸衰；明清鼎革後，部分成員嘗試轉型綠營而未能持續，最終完全沒落。綜觀之，麻氏代表的邊鎮衛所將門，本質上是時代危機和制度影響下的產物，其興衰背後反映著明後期乃至清初軍事政治史的發展特點。

In the late Ming Dynasty, the Ma clan, represented by Ma Lu, Ma Jin, Ma Gui and Ma Cheng’en, was formed in Datong Zhen. The family first arose from“Huihui people”195 who had moved from Dongsheng Zhou in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. At the beginning, it was an ordinary military household; however, due to the Jingnan War it obtained a low-ranking official status. The tense border defense situation in the middle and late Ming Dynasty gave the opportunity for their status to rise. Their family was martial; moreover, they maintained a large number of private armed forces. In every war they engaged in, the Ma family won numerous victories and accumulated considerable manpower, property, and other assets. The family had been deeply rooted in the area for a long time. Even when they were transferred, they were usually transferred to nearby places. Moreover, the entire Ma family often worked together in the same camp, or even held the same position continuously, so they had rich career experience and relationships. Given their attitude of valuing culture over martial arts, the Ma family cultivated friendships with their superior civilian officials, paving the way for the advancement of the family. However, following a series of wars in the late Ming, their manpower and economic and political status suffered heavy losses and went into gradual decline. After the formation the Qing Dynasty, some Ma family members tried to form the Green Banner Army but failed to carry on, and the Ma clan declined further.
Generally, the Jiangmen (the frontier general family) represented by the Ma clan, was essentially a military family with tangible economic and armed strength that had been controlled by the imperial court for a long time. Its rise and fall reflected the development of military political history in the late Ming dynasty and even the early Qing Dynasty. It was essentially the product of the crises of the times and influences of the system, inseparable from the design of the country's military system.