因果與責任的連動：從規範的觀點看

The Linkage Between Causality and Responsibility from the Viewpoint of Norms

本文重構並發展《公民哲學》中鬆動二分格局的兩個連動論點：歸因與究責的連動以及因果與理由的連動。本文提出因果目的式的規範觀，說明規範如何影響歸因與究責，同時提出實踐思慮的因果參與觀點，指出因果與理由的連動關鍵在於規範理由是一種差異製造事實，而規範的目標設定與手段選擇標誌了被規範的行動者應該回應的理由。本文最後討論結果責任範圍問題：當規範所要求或禁止的行為與其目的效果之間具有因果恆定性，規範的目的效果即具有合理可預見性，而可劃定違反規範的行動者所要負責的結果範圍。

This article reconstructs and develops Norman Y. Teng’s two linkage-arguments against the Is-Ought dichotomy: the linkage between causal attribution and liability for outcomes, and that between causality and reasons. The article proposes a causal-teleological view of norms to elaborate how norms influence causal attribution and liability for consequences, then puts forward a causal-engaging view of practical deliberation to support a difference-making-based account of normative reasons. Based on the two views above, the goal-setting and the means-choice function of norms highlights the normative reasons to which an agent should respond. Finally, this article argues that when the causal relation between an action prescribed by a norm and the intended effect of the norm is invariant, the intended effect is reasonably foreseeable and can delimit the scope of consequences for which a norm-violating agent is responsible.