美國聯邦洗錢犯罪之研究

A Study on the Money Laundering Offense in the United States

毒品市場具有高度的國際性，打擊毒品需要高度的國際合作，因此在美國政府的推動下，在1986年之洗錢控制法基礎上，國際間開始締結有關打擊毒品犯罪的國際條約、區域性協定或雙邊條約，1988年維也納公約及2000年巴勒莫公約等國際規範，即為適例。自FATF於1990年發布第一版之四十項建議開始，其建議內容即與當時的美國法內容相互呼應。如果說提出與修正FATF建議內容之目的，在於促進各國建構一套能與美國洗錢法制相接軌的洗錢防制制度，亦不為過。在以美國為首的反恐、反洗錢與反毒品陣營中，各國皆修改內國法律，期能符合洗錢防制國際規範。

Drug market is an international one, and anti-drug needs high level of international cooperation. Based on the United States Money Laundering Control Act of 1986, the US government suggested to adopt international or regional anti-drug conventions and bilateral anti-drug treaties. The 1988 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and 2000 the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime are examples. Since the Financial Action Task Force announced the first version of 40 Recommendations in 1990, every single recommendation thereafter has its counterpart in the United States Code. It might be fair to say that the purpose of FATF 40 Recommendations is to promote a new global AML system connected to the United States laws. While the US is leading the campaigns of anti-terrorism, anti-money laundering and anti-drug, almost all countries amend their domestic laws to comply with the requirements in the 1988 Vienna Convention and the 2000 Palermo Convention.