依宗教平權而存在的民族：尼泊爾民族政治與宗教身份的相互作用

Ethnicity Relying on Religious Affirmation: The Interaction between Ethnic Politics and Religious Identity in Nepal

尼泊爾曾是以印度教立國的國家。但是在尼泊爾當代民主政治運動中，最關鍵的影響是janajati adivasi的崛起。從90年代初開始，民主運動以反對印度教君主專制開始，要求取消政黨禁令、承認多元文化主義和宗教自由。尼泊爾janajati adivasi的意識抬頭是為了注重非印度教種姓群體本身的文化、傳統習俗，並改善janajati adivasi群體在社會各個領域所遭受的歧視。民主政治提供了平等、平權的機會，促使尼泊爾當局重視janajati adivasi他們的存在。問題是需要什麼條件才能正當化janajati adivasi的身份呢？janajati adivasi想要爭取的是什麼？1996至2006毛派領導的叛亂內戰結合janajati adivasi運動份子，成功地推翻了君主制度，國王下台，開啟尼泊爾聯邦共和國的新階段。janajati adivasi運動是對尼泊爾君主強制人民印度教化、支持種姓制度和印度高種姓階級長期把持權力的回應。在迎接聯邦治理的同時，janajati adivasi想要實踐或重塑的形式是什麼？本文以三個田調的案例來說明，janajati adivasi群體身份認同與宗教身份鑲嵌，確立其公民身份的長期努力。janajati adivasi團體以創造或復興其宗教信仰，以爭取世俗身份價值，同時宗教身份也提供該群體創造了發想空間。

After the 1990 political change in Nepal, ethnic activists have attempted change by using two types of mobilization strategy related to culture and religion. The first kind of strategy is related to the specific demands on the state. The second kind of strategy, which is the focus of this paper, involves inward activism. This activism has aimed at transforming ethnic cultural practices and worldviews from within. The Indigenous Nationalities (Janajati) Movement has a stronger network of organization and has advanced its demands in a more coherent fashion. These non-Hindu ethnic groups employing religious identity activism is arguably the most developed identity movement in the country. There are three case studies in this paper which demonstrate that the Indigenous Nationalities Movement has made substantial contributions to ethnic self-awareness and affirmative action in Nepal.