馬來西亞後威權時代的伊斯蘭政治：民主化與伊斯蘭化的辯證

Islamic Politics in Post-Authoritarian Malaysia: Dialectics between Democratization and Islamization

本文嘗試以馬來西亞做為探討伊斯蘭化與民主化複雜關係的主要個案，並與阿拉伯之春以後新一波有關伊斯蘭與民主的研究進行對話，從宏觀與比較視野分析伊斯蘭政治的成因及發展路徑，反思伊斯蘭模式之民主改革的可能性，翻轉伊斯蘭與民主不相容的觀點，進而展望後阿拉伯之春的伊斯蘭世界民主化之前景。內文分為三節，第一節從跨區域的穆斯林民主國家比較研究，歸納出影響其民主化的五項關鍵因素：從殖民到後殖民時期的政治制度與伊斯蘭遺產；伊斯蘭制度化，包括：憲法、立法、行政、司法、公立伊斯蘭教育五大面向；伊斯蘭政黨的政治動員；該政黨與其他世俗政黨的競爭與合作關係；全球化的新自由主義政經秩序的衝擊；第二節探討後威權時代馬來西亞2008年、2013年兩次大選伊斯蘭政黨在準兩黨競爭下與朝野各政黨的互動關係與選舉成果；第三節則探討促成政黨輪替的2018年、2022年兩次大選中伊斯蘭政黨與朝野各政黨的互動關係與選舉成果；結論指出馬來西亞伊斯蘭化與民主化相輔相成，但民主深化有待朝野雙方透過對話化解社群主義的難題。

This article takes Malaysia as a case study to explore the relationship between Islamization and democratization and engages with the research on Islam and democracy after the Arab Spring. The path of Islamic politics is analyzed from a macro-level and comparative perspective, reflecting on the possibility of democratic reform in the Islamic model to reverse the conventional view that Islam and democracy are incompatible. This article is divided into three sections.
The first section is a comparative study of cross-regional Muslim democratic countries and summarizes the following five key factors affecting their democratization, political institution and Islamic heritage in the colonial time; Islamic institutionalization regarding the five aspects of constitution, legislature, executive, judiciary and public education; the political mobilization of Islamic parties; competition and cooperation between Islamic and secular parties; the impact of the globalized neoliberal economic order.
The second section examines the interaction between Islamic parties and the ruling and opposition parties. The electoral results in the 2008 and 2013 general elections under the quasi-two-party competitive system in post-authoritarian Malaysia are investigated to provide evidence for the analysis of this interaction. The last section explores their interaction and the electoral results in the 2018 and 2022 general elections which carried out the first regime change since Malaysia’s independence in 1957. The conclusion is that Islamization and democratization complement each other in Malaysia but the democratic consolidation requires the constructive dialogue between the ruling and opposition parties to resolve the long-term problem of ethnic communalism.