礦產國有進程中的礦區治理及地方阻力：以南桐煤礦為個案之研究（1938-1948）

Governance of Mining Areas and Local Resistance in the Process of Nationalization of Mineral Resources: A Case Study of Nantung Coal Mine (1938-1948)

本文從地方社會結構和歷史發展脈絡出發，分析抗戰時期及抗戰勝利後，南桐煤礦在推動礦業資源國營進程中，治理礦區與管制非法私採的歷程，及阻礙這一歷程的地方性因素，進而探討自然資源轉歸國有的地方阻力。作為戰時內遷的國營企業，南桐煤礦在桃子鄉國營礦區採取的管制土窯私採舉措，損及地方社會利益，遭到相關業戶抵制。南桐煤礦不僅未能徹底管制土窯，而且自身工程建設和探採作業也受私採影響，以至於不得不訴諸武力封禁違例私開之土窯。南桐煤礦難以治理礦區，既由於經營土窯的地方勢力融入並主導著當地的煤業產業格局，還因為這類業戶通過同業、地緣與親緣形成一個共同體。以煤業為核心的地方經濟格局，及其與地方權力結構交織而成的「權力－利益」之網，既對南桐煤礦的採運工作構成威脅，也是南桐煤礦難以管控土窯私採的癥結。南桐煤礦治理礦區的歷程凸顯出，國營煤礦在戰時及戰後的發展建設中，無法兼顧自身工程建設與地方社會利益，以致不得不面臨「二擇其一」的難題。這也是近代以來，自然資源轉歸國有的困境之一。

Beginning with the twin contexts of local social structure and historical progression, this paper studies the Nantong Coal Mine’s governance of mining areas in the process of promoting nationalization of mining resources, during and after the Anti-Japanese War. It analyzes the mine’s efforts to enforce regulations against unauthorized mining, as well as the local factors that hindered it. In addition, resistance to the nationalization of natural resources has been studied. As a state-owned enterprise relocated during the war, the mine's measures to control unauthorized mining in the state-owned mining area of Taozi Township undermined local social interests and were resisted by kiln proprietors. Nantung Coal Mine was unable to effectively regulate the kilns and curb unauthorized mining, which in turn impacted its own construction and exploration activities. This necessitated the adoption of forceful measures to enforce a ban on the unauthorized opening of kilns. The tortuous governance challenges at the Nantung Coal Mine stem from the fact that the rural power base not only integrated and dominated the local coal industry but also formed a cohesive community with economic interests, geographical proximity, and kinship ties. The local economic framework, primarily driven by the coal industry, and its fusion with local power structures, culminating in a complex“power-interest”network, posed significant challenges to the mining and transportation activities of Nantung Coal Mine. This interplay also constitutes the fundamental issue underlying the difficulties in the governance of mining areas. The governance of the unauthorized mining by Nantung Coal Mine underscores a major challenge faced by state-owned coal mining operations during wartime and the post-war period. This challenge arises from the inability to reconcile the project construction with local societal interests, leading to the critical dilemma of having to choose one out of two. The situation exemplifies one of the challenges associated with the nationalization of natural resources in modern times.