漢語動詞及名詞之次類階層及分類

Subcategorization of Chinese Verbs and Nouns

現代漢語詞類的階層分類可由詞類預設值階層呈現。詞類的預設值代表一個詞類的語法功能特徵，指的是一個詞擔任句法角色（syntactic roles）的能力。現代漢語動詞和名詞在句法角色預設值的最大區別是能否擔任謂語，動詞和名詞往下延伸的次類包括典型成員和非典型成員，典型成員繼承母類的所有預設值，非典型成員則繼承部分預設值。從詞類階層的縱向面來看，越上層的詞類越傾向無標詞類，具有語言共性，越下層的小類越傾向有標詞類，具有個別語言特色;從橫向面來看，違反母類預設值越少的次類，越傾向無標詞類，違反母類預設值越多的次類，越傾向有標詞類。

The hierarchical categorization of modern Chinese lexical categories can be presented by the lexical default value hierarchy. The default value of a word class represents the grammatical function characteristic of a word class, which refers to the ability of a word to perform syntactic roles. The biggest difference between the default values of syntactic roles of verbs and nouns in modern Chinese is their ability to act as predicates. The subclasses of verbs and nouns extend downward to include typical and atypical members, with the typical members inheriting all the default values of the parent class, and the atypical members inheriting some of the default values. From the longitudinal side of the word class hierarchy, the higher the level of the word class, the more it tends to be unmarked, with linguistic commonality, and the lower the level of the subclass, the more it tends to be marked, with individual linguistic characteristics; from the horizontal side, the fewer the subclasses violating the parent category’s default values, the more it tends to be unmarked, and the more the subclasses violating the parent category’s default values, the more it tends to be marked.