錢穆與余英時論魏晉「士風」與「自覺」

Qian Mu and Yu Ying Shi on the“Scholarly Style”and“Self-awareness”in Wei Jin Period

錢穆（1895-1990）與余英時（1930-2021）是歷史學界深具通史視野與宏觀論述的學者，師徒二人的學者風範也充分展現在史料解讀、嚴謹論述與綜合歸納的優良學風。他們主要共通的研究進路是從「士」入手，由此貫穿研究旨趣於中國歷史各時代之發展。而在魏晉時期「士」之地位及其人格精神都與先前時期及以後發展有所殊異，這是值得留意的文化現象，本文即以此為切入點；由此亦可觀察學界對於「魏晉士風」是如何進行論述，終究將涉及「士人自覺」之基礎，進一步挖掘理據則是本文關懷重點。本文即試圖透過錢穆與余英時兩位學者的相關論述，對於魏晉時期士風精神與價值如何開展，逐步凸顯兩位學者的「自覺」論述，「自覺」作為理解中國思想史或精神史脈絡的一個重要環節值得彰顯，亦即透過錢穆與余英時的研究，重新思索此種研究進路在當代的意義與價值。

Qian Mu (1895-1990) and Yu Ying Shi (1930-2021) were influential historians whose scholarship combined macro-historical perspectives with moral and cultural analysis. This paper focuses on their interpretations of the“scholarly style”(shi feng) and“self-awareness”(zi jue) during the Wei Jin dynasties-a period marked by a distinct transformation in the values, identity, and cultural position of the scholar. Through their writings, Qian Mu and Yu Ying Shi explored how intellectuals in this era broke away from earlier political and Confucian constraints, giving rise to new expressions of individuality and inner cultivation. Their analyses also reflect a self-projection of their own intellectual ideals and concerns. This paper argues that their perspectives offer not only historical insights but also a model of scholarly self-awareness that remains relevant today. By revisiting their interpretations, we gain a deeper understanding of Chinese thought and the enduring value of cultural introspection.