韓戰中的何世禮──遊說麥克阿瑟與鞏固華僑政治認同

Ho Shai-lai during the Korean War: Lobbying MacArthur for Chiang Kai-shek’s Participation in the War and Winning the Hearts and Minds of Overseas Chinese in Japan

1950年6月25日韓戰爆發後，蔣介石對戰局保持密切關注，試圖利用機會派兵參戰、反攻中國大陸。最廣為人知的是，蔣介石曾計劃派出三個師、共計3萬3千名兵力參與韓戰，而剛上任的駐日代表團團長何世禮，則被賦予和聯合國軍司令麥克阿瑟（Douglas MacArthur）交涉的重任。儘管這項計畫多次被美方考慮後又拒絕，何世禮仍在韓戰局勢最緊繃的階段，和盟軍總部建立了緊密聯絡。在朝鮮半島之外，國、共兩黨亦在日本展開較量，一為中共欲取代中華民國在盟國對日委員會（Allied Council for Japan）中的席位，在明知希望渺茫的情況下，仍委派周士第出任代表，何世禮則展開反制；二為韓戰爆發加劇留日華僑政治認同上的分歧，左傾思想繼1949年10月中華人民共和國建立後再次高漲，何世禮一改駐日代表團過去管理華僑的消極作風，採用強勢手段控制華僑與留學生的政治表態，在其任內暫時抑制左傾浪潮的蔓延。本文利用〈何世禮日記〉與相關中西方史料，探討何世禮在韓戰中的角色。

The outbreak of the Korean War on June 25, 1950, and its progress had become a constant preoccupation for Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975), who had been seeking an opportunity to counterattack Mainland China after being defeated in the Chinese Civil War in 1949. Chiang’s plan was to dispatch three divisions of troops to participate in the Korean War and, after South Korea won, to further attack the Chinese Mainland, retaking the territories he had lost. General Ho Shai-lai (1906–1998), the newly arrived head of the Chinese Mission in Japan, was empowered to persuade General Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964) to accept the offer. While this plan was rejected by the US government and never come into effect, Ho had cultivated a close relationship with the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP). The year 1950 proved pivotal for the survival of Chiang Kai-shek’s regime, as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) also made the“emancipation”of Taiwan one of its major objectives. Undoubtedly, the outbreak of the Korean War bailed Chiang out, but there were other struggles contributing to this temporary victory. This article examines Ho Shai-lai’s efforts to lobby MacArthur for his support, compete with the CCP for the Chinese seat in the Allied Council for Japan, and secure support from overseas Chinese based in Tokyo.