古代東亞海域的行旅風險與航海信仰：以《入唐求法巡禮行記》為中心

Travel Risks and Maritime Beliefs in the Seas of Ancient East Asia: Accounts from Ennin’s Diary

古代東亞海域上活動的行旅者，在行旅的過程中，必須面對難以預測的海象，及其對生命的威脅。面對難以相抗的自然力量，時人透過信仰，求助於超自然的力量。這些航海信仰，不僅反映了當時航海行旅必須面對的風險，也一定程度凝聚了海上行旅者彼此之間生死與共的情感與關係。本文藉由《入唐求法巡禮行記》中的記載，從中得見古代東亞海域的航海信仰相當多元，包含觀音菩薩、妙見菩薩、四天王、住吉明神、龍王或船神等，均成為東亞海域行旅者的守護神。古代東亞海域上的行旅者們雖所出多源，但透過共同信仰源於東亞各地之航海信仰，進而維繫與建立起其跨域的群體意識與關係。

Travelers who traversed the seas of ancient East Asia faced unpredictable maritime conditions and the inherent threats to life they posed. Confronted with formidable natural forces, people of that time often sought assistance from the supernatural through their beliefs. These maritime beliefs and their systems not only reflected the risks faced by seafaring travelers, but to some extent, also consolidated the emotional bonds and relationships among them, both in life and death. Drawing from the accounts in Nittōguhōjunrei kōki (The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law, also known as Ennin’s Diary), this article explores the diverse maritime beliefs prevalent regarding the ancient East Asian seas, specifically various deities which served as guardians such as Guanyin, Myōken, Caturmahārājakayikas (Four Heavenly Kings), Sumiyoshi sanjin, and the Dragon King or Ship God. Although travelers of the ancient East Asian seas came from diverse origins, their shared faith in maritime beliefs originating from various parts of East Asia helped to establish and maintain a cross-regional collective consciousness and relationships.