近代日本臨濟宗及曹洞宗的禪學論爭：以《禪道》及《達磨禪》兩雜誌的考察為中心

Discourses and Debates on Zen between the Rinzai and SōtōSchools in Modern Japan: Based on the Investigations of Zendo and Darumazen

本文旨在分析近代日本臨濟宗及曹洞宗的禪學論爭，扣緊《禪道》及《達磨禪》兩雜誌的考察為中心。為了分析何以有此禪學論爭，故在第二節先描述為何《碧巖錄》流行前的國際宗教背景，包括佛陀傳記的出版、南印度的佛教復興運動及1893年的第一次世界宗教大會等。日本禪學界深感須有一核心宗教經典，於是《碧巖錄》的講釋在此時代氛圍下登場。本文第三、四節聚焦比較細部的近代禪門內部之爭，特別扣緊臨濟宗與曹洞宗二派的機關雜誌《禪道》與《達磨禪》相關禪學的詮釋論諍，包括禪學宗旨、《碧巖錄》公案解釋，窺探兩派禪學立場的不同風格以及此一時期所代表的批判禪學之意義。

This article analyzes the debates over Zen between the Rinzai (臨濟) and Sōtō(曹洞) schools in modern Japan by closely investigating the journals of Zendo (禪道) and Darumazen (達磨禪). To contextualize the origins of these debates, the second section of this paper first outlines the global religious landscape prior to the widespread reception of Biyanlu (碧巖錄) and explores prominent historical events such as the publication of Buddha’s biography, the Dalit Buddhist movement in Southern India, and the World’s Parliament of Religions of 1893. During this period, the schools of Zen in Japanese academia recognized the need to publish a central and canonical religious text; hence, robust interpretations and discourses proceeded to be presented in Biyanlu. Sections three and four of this article will focus on the doctrinal contentions among various Zen schools in the modern era, particularly centering on the hermeneutical debates on Zen between the Rinzai and Sōtōschools as reflected in their institutional journals, Zendo and Darumazen. These debates encompass interpretations of Zen doctrine, the interpretations of kōan in Biyanlu, and an exploration of the differing stylistic tendencies of each school’s Zen position, as well as the significance of critical Zen scholarship during this period.