「消失的婦運」：障礙女性生育權在臺灣墮胎權運動中的缺席及其影響

The Absentees in the Women’s Rights Movements: The Absence of Reproductive Rights for Disabled Women and Its Implications in Taiwan’s Abortion Rights Movement

1984年《優生保健法》的通過促使墮胎有條件合法化，婦女運動在其中扮演舉足輕重的角色。然而，研擬《優生保健法》草案的過程中，在國家人口政策的敘事下，優生學漸漸成為國家與民間的共識。本文透過障礙女性主義（feminist theory of disability）與生育正義（reproductive justice）的理論視角，以障礙女性生育權為思考核心，重訪這段在人口政策的陰影下婦運追求墮胎有條件合法化的歷史，指出優生如何貫穿臺灣的人口政策並成為《優生保健法》草案在立法院內僵持不下時的共通語言，民間婦運又是如何透過對障礙者的刻板印象主張墮胎合法化。然而，婦運此種迎合國家政策的漸進式策略，卻也付出了與優生共謀的代價─《優生保健法》成為國家控制障礙者生育的重要法源依據，並持續否定障礙者、尤其是障礙女性的生育。本文發現，《殘障福利法》與《身心障礙者保護法》的「殘障預防／障礙預防」概念實際上受到《優生保健法》制定過程的影響而內嵌優生思想；在《優生保健法》通過後，1990年代的新家庭計畫轉向針對包含障礙者在內的特殊群體；2000年後《優生保健措施減免或補助費用辦法》也選擇性地給予障礙者節育支持，儘管該辦法已受到批評，卻仍未被刪除。

In 1984, the enactment of the Genetic Health Act, literally translated as the“Eugenics and Health Act,”conditionally legalized abortion, with the women’s rights movement playing a significant role in this development. However, the drafting processes of the Genetic Health Act within the framework of national population policy gradually solidified eugenics as a consensus between the state and civil society. This article adopts the theoretical perspectives of the feminist theory of disability and reproductive justice to reexamine the history of the women’s reproductive rights movement, which aimed to decriminalize abortion within the context of national population policy. Eugenics became a prevailing discourse during a standstill in the legislation of the Genetic Health Act. The women’s rights movement tacitly accepted the state’s eugenics language and exploited the stereotype of disability to further its own goals of legalizing abortion. However, the incremental strategy of the women’s rights movement, aligned with the state’s policies, came at a cost—the Genetic Health Act became a crucial legal basis for the state to control the reproduction of disabled individuals, especially disabled women. The drafting process of the Welfare Law for Handicapped Persons and the Physically and Mentally Disabled Citizens Protection Act was heavily influenced by the drafting process of the Genetic Health Act and was highly embedded with eugenics. Following the enactment of the Genetic Health Act, the New Family Planning initiated in the 1990s shifted its focus to comprehensively improving population quality. In the 2000s, although criticized by Disabled People’s Organizations, the Regulations Governing the Expenses Reduction, Exemption or Subsidy of Genetic Health Measures solely provided support for contraception to particular groups, including disabled individuals, which denied the reproductive rights of the disabled.