「天人合時」對「存天理，滅人欲」之啟發：以丹溪學說為視角

The Inspiration of“The Timing Harmony of Human universe”for the Principle“Eliminating Human Desires and Preserving Heavenly from the Implication of Zhu Dan Xi’s Medical Theory

丹溪學說最獨特之處在於以「動」做為整個論述基點，源頭來自《易傳》、《中庸》、濂溪《太極圖說》和程、朱之說。由此基點推展出凡動皆屬火、火能生物、動皆中節三說，其核心要旨為：火（動、情欲）為生命必要條件，然若妄動，動不中節，有違天理，遂成病理之火。「中節」可採兩種解釋。其一，「中」指適中、不偏不倚，「節」指節制，故工夫論要點在適度或節欲，心理行為傾向壓抑、收斂、克制，此為學界釋「存天理，滅人欲」之慣用思維。其二，「中」作動詞，指命中或契合，亦可作述詞，表示得中且正（得位），「節」指時節、節度或時機，故工夫論為「時中」，亦即天人合時，此不預設心理行為壓抑、收斂、克制，罕見學界依此詮釋「存天理，滅人欲」。節欲說為陽有餘陰不足論之合理闡推結果，能防遏相火妄動。天人合時說衍自動皆中節說，使達情遂欲能適得其時、適得其所、適得其人，通達天人合一；此說實開通理欲命題另一理路，進而鬆綁理欲對立觀的道德規範枷鎖，惜丹溪未著墨於此，後世亦未借題發揮，故未能激起漣漪。

The most unique feature of Zhu Dan Xi’s medical theory is that it uses ''action'' as the basis that origins from the classic works Yi Juan, Zhong Yong, Zhou Dun Yi's Explanation of the Taiji Diagram, and the discourse of Cheng Brothers and Zhu Xi. From this basis, Zhu Dan Xi proposed that all actions are fire, fire can create life, and actions should be moderate and match the timing. The core gist of them is: fire (action, desire) is a necessary condition for life, but if it is rash and does not meet the principle of“actions should be moderate and match the timing”, it goes against the heavenly law and becomes pathological fire. There are two ways of interpreting the principle“actions should be moderate and match the timing”. First, it refers to moderation, impartiality or abstinence, and thus the training tendency of Gongfu theory for mind or behavior is suppression, restraint or astringency. This is the conventional thinking of the academia in interpreting the core propositions of Neo Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties, ''eliminating human desires and preserving heavenly law''. Secondly, it refers to matching the timing or getting the right position, and thus the Gongfu theory is“the timing harmony of human universe”which does not presuppose suppression, restraint or astringency. It is rare for academic circles to interpret ''eliminating human desires and preserving heavenly law'' based on this. However, this account could loosen the shackles of moral norms of the heavenly law human desires opposition view. Unfortunately, it has seldom been utilized by Zhu Dan Xi and later scholars and thus has not had significant impact.