王船山「盡心成性」、「心統性情」的道德義涵與宗教向度

The Moral Connotation and Religious Transcendence of Wang Chuanshan's“Fulfill the Mind and Accomplish the Human Nature”and“Mind Unite the Nature and Affection”

宋明理學的心性理論發展出朱子理學、陽明心學與船山氣學三種主體性理論典型。相對於朱子理學陷入「尊理而賤氣」與陽明心學限於「孤立的主體性」的理論侷限，船山氣學理論不僅具備廣大充盈的天道觀，可以與宇宙論與客觀科學世界相連結。然而船山主張天道以繼為善，人道繼善以成性，且以天道隱而人道顯，秉承儒門：「人能弘道，非道弘人」的人文主義宗旨，展現人的主體性在客觀世界中仍能卓然自立。
基於以上之思想背景，本人嘗試探討船山氣學之道德主體理論，亦即其心性情哲學之當代義涵與價值。船山基於「繼善成性」、「日生日成」與「習與性成」的動態人性論，展開「盡心成性」、「心統性情」的自我心性修養理論，並闡發其道德義涵，不僅要說明道德善的動力根源，以及道德惡的緣由，更希望進而探索其「氣與神和」之宗教超越的可能性。

The theory of mind and nature of Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism developed into three typical theories of subjectivity: Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism, Yangming's School of Mind and Chuanshan's School of Qi. Compared with the theoretical limitations of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism, which was“respecting reason and despising qi”, and Yangming's School of Mind, which was limited to“isolated subjectivity”, Chuanshan's theory of qi not only has a broad and rich view of the way of heaven, but can also be connected with cosmology and the objective scientific world. However, Chuanshan advocated that the way of heaven should be continued as good, and the way of man should be continued as good to form nature, and that the way of heaven should be hidden while the way of man should be revealed. He adhered to the humanistic principle of Confucianism:“Man can promote the Way, not the Way to promote man.”and demonstrated that man's subjectivity can still stand out in the objective world.
Based on the above ideological background, I attempt to explore the moral subject theory of Chuanshan Qixue, that is, the contemporary meaning and value of his philosophy of mind, nature and emotion. Based on the dynamic theory of human nature of“inheriting good and becoming one's nature”,“being improved day by day”and“being formed by habits”, Chuanshan developed the theory of“Mind Unite the Nature and Affection”. The contemporary moral implications of Chuanshan's theory of“the heart governs nature”not only explain the driving force behind moral goodness and the causes of moral evil; it also hopes to inspire us to construct a theoretical basis for a contemporary holistic moral psychology, and explore the possibility of religious transcendence.