1960至2021年全球的男女性預期壽命差異之後設分析

Meta-Analysis of the Global Difference in Life Expectancy Between Men and Women from 1960 to 2021

男女性預期壽命是國家重要的人力資本，然而現有研究甚少探討男女性預期壽命差異情形。本研究從世界銀行蒐集1960至2021年62個年度，每年約有200個國家，探討男女性預期壽命差異效果量，以及國民所得和高等教育在學率對於男女性預期壽命差異效果量的影響。後設分析顯示：62個年度各國男女性預期壽命差異之平均效果量為0.48，屬於中度效果量，62個年度的各國女性預期壽命都是明顯高於男性。1960年全球各國男性平均預期壽命為52.05歲，女性為55.83歲；2000年女性平均預期壽命提高至70.17歲，男性為65.26歲；2021年女性平均預期壽命為74.49歲，男性為69.26歲，隨著年代往後推移女性預期壽命有逐漸拉大男性的現象，所以2010年至2021年男女性預期壽命差異效果量大致高於2010之前各年段。後設迴歸分析發現，各年度國民所得及高等教育在學率愈高，男女性預期壽命差異效果量愈大。這說明了各國國民所得提高和高等教育在學率擴充會造成男女性預期壽命差異效果量拉大。各國政府在經濟發展及高等教育擴充的同時，宜注意女性預期壽命拉開男性愈來愈大的情形。

The life expectancy of men and women is an important human capi¬tal of the country. However, existing research rarely explored the differ¬ence in life expectancy between men and women. This study collected 62 years from 1960 to 2021 from the World Bank, about 200 countries each year, to explore the effect size of the difference in life expectancy be¬tween male and female students, as well as the impact of national income and higher education enrollment rate on the difference in life expectancy between male and female students. Meta-analysis showed that the av¬erage effect size of the difference in life expectancy between men and women in each country in the 62 years was .48, which was a moderate effect size. The life expectancy of women in each country in the 62 years was significantly higher than that of men. At the same time, the gap in life expectancy between men and women from 1960 to 2021 had gradually widened as the years went by. In 1960, the average life expectancy of men in many countries around the world was 52.05 years, and that of women was 55.83 years. In 2000, the average life expectancy of women increased to 70.17 years, and that of men was 65.26 years. In 2021, the average life expectancy of women was 74.49 years, and that of men is 69.26 years. As the years went by, women's life expectancy has gradually increased com¬pared to men's, so the effect size of the difference in life expectancy be¬tween men and women from 2010 to 2021 is roughly higher than that in the years before 2010. Meta-regression analysis also found that the higher the national income and higher education enrollment rate in each year, the greater the effect size of the difference in life expectancy between male and female. This showed that the increase in national income and the expansion of higher education enrollment in countries will cause the gap in life expectancy between men and women to widen. While govern¬ments were developing their economies and expanding higher education, they should pay attention to the fact that the life expectancy of women was growing longer than that of men.