國會資訊權之證立與形塑——以質詢權為中心

The Justification and Shaping of Parliament’s Power of Inquiry: Focusing on the Interpellation Power

國會法在我國法律學門中少為人所關注，而社會大眾則多半將國會中的各種爭議理解為政治上諸多競逐、爭辯而已，未有嚴肅面對其憲法上的重要意涵，其中即以質詢制度為適例。監督是議會代議制度最為核心的組成部分，正與民主責任間相互關聯。質詢權與質詢制度係作為權力分立與議會民主原則下的核心要求，乃實踐議會監督功能的必要條件，同時也是迫使政府與議會中的執政多數議員必須正視問題的憲法機制。行政院長或部會首長若不為完整的答復，必須有憲法上的正當事由，必要時，個別立法委員亦得透過憲法訴訟中的機關爭議訴訟類型審查之。質詢權作為議會對於政府的資訊請求權（Informationsansprüche, Interpellationsrecht），議員提問必須明確且具回復可能，並且以意見探究為目標。質詢原則上相應而來的是政府成員對於質詢所負有論述與回答之義務，藉此議員可迅速且可信賴的方式獲致為行使其自由委任所必要之資訊。若以此反思我國憲政現實，則不無值得憂慮之處，實問虛答有矣，更有甚者，首長反質詢立法委員或議員亦不在少數。本文之作即在指出此一問題所在，並嘗試提出解決之道。

The laws related to Parliament’s activities have received little attention among legal scholars. The general public mostly perceives the various controversies related to Parliament as political disputes and debates, and fails to seriously considerate its important constitutional implications. The interpellation power of the Parliament is an appropriate example. Supervision is the core component of the parliamentary representative system and is closely related to democracy and responsibility. As a core requirement under the principles of separation of powers and parliamentary democracy, interpellation power is an imperative condition for the implementation of parliamentary oversight functions. It is also a constitutional mechanism that forces the government and the ruling majority in parliament to confront problems. When the Premier of the Executive Yuan or Ministers of the Ministries do not provide a complete response, they need to have constitutionally legitimate reasons, and whenever necessary, individual legislators may also apply for judicial review concerning a dispute between constitutional organs in the constitutional litigation. Since the interpellation power is the parliament’s power to request information from the government (Informationsansprüche, Interpellationsrecht), questions of the members in the parliament must be clear and answerable with an aim to comprehend the opinions of the governmental officials. In principle, the interpellation power is accompanied by the obligation of government members to respond questions, so that members of the Parliament can quickly and reliably obtain the information needed to act on a free mandate. From this perspective, analysis of the reality of the government indicates many daunting concerns as there are many instances where questions are met with ambiguous responses as well as many counter-questions from the Ministers. The purpose of this article is to highlight this problem and try to propose a solution.