官僚腐敗性之驅動誘因：外在報酬、內在價值與組織環境的探析

Behavioral Motives on Bureaucratic Corruptibility: Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Beyond

長期以來，學術界和政府實務界強調誠信和廉潔公正的價值，以及制定有效反貪腐策略的重要性。然而，有關貪腐的若干關鍵問題在既有文獻中尚未獲得滿意的解答：有關公務人員為何願意涉入貪腐或不道德的行為？其態度傾向可以如何測量？以及反貪策略如何才能奏效？相關議題在國際學界引發許多爭辯與討論。本文中，試圖結合運用東方華人社會下中國大陸公務人員之主觀調查資料與客觀政府薪資數據進行探討分析。文中除了先驗證「官僚腐敗性」（bureaucratic corruptibility）的測量概念，也針對引誘官僚形成貪腐之個體特徵動機與組織環境特性提出一系統性的理論分析框架。實證結果顯示，官僚貪腐除了受到個人自利理性與倫理價值面因素影響外，更應鑲嵌於組織或職場文化脈絡始可深刻理解，特別倘若忽略華人職場中的「人情網絡互動」或「關係文化（Guanxi）」等非正式規則與互動氛圍的重要性，將導致推動相關反貪措施成效受限的困境。本文最後亦提供關於如何抑制貪腐與建立廉能政府之建議，強調反貪與廉政治理機制應由「基於規則為基礎」（rule-based）轉為導向強調「基於價值為基礎」（value-based）之必要性。

Academia and governments have long stressed the importance of integrity and governance, as well as effective anti-corruption strategies. However, a puzzling question in antecedent works yet to be satisfactory answered is why the crucial target group—civil servants as the major party guilty of the public corruption of a society—engage in unethical and corrupt behaviors. This study provides a systematic framework for individual and organizational-institutional drivers that contribute to bureaucratic corruptibility. Using an original survey from approximately 1,300 Chinese local civil servants in conjunction with objective government data, this study identifies various factors that contribute to corruption, showing that corruption is affected not only by extrinsic/intrinsic motives, but interpersonal exchange networks and organizational ethical climate. This study offers several crucial suggestions to curb corruption and to build a clean government, stressing the need for anti-corruption governance to migrate from a rule-based approach to a value-based approach.