社會助長、主場優勢與裁判偏見之探究

The Inquiry of Social Facilitation, Home Advantage and Referee Bias

研究目的：分析西甲觀眾人數對團隊績效的影響，並藉由新冠肺炎的自然實驗探討實施閉門比賽前後對主場優勢以及裁判偏見的影響。
研究設計／方法：採用工具變數法、隨機效果模型、固定效果模型並結合差異中之差異法進行分析。
研究結果：觀眾對主隊績效有正向影響，符合社會助長假說，對客隊績效有負向影響，符合社會壓力假說；實施閉門比賽降低主場的優勢以及減弱裁判偏見。
研究限制／啟發：本文幫助足球俱樂部了解觀眾對球隊績效的影響、採取措施達到主客兩隊競爭平衡的效果並證實人群是影響裁判決策的因素。
理論／實務／社會意涵：了解人群會影響個人或團隊的表現及決策。
創見／價值：本文幫助大眾了解人群壓力對從事判決的工作者等有重大的影響。

Purpose–This study analyses how social environment affects team performance and referee bias.
Design/methodology/approach–We use the game-level data from Liga de Primera División and exploit the COVID-19 outbreak as a natural experiment.
Findings–We find that the number of spectators has a positive and significant impact on home team performance, and the results are consistent with the social facilitation hypothesis. Home teams, however, have earned fewer points, suggesting that the no fans policy reduces home court advantage. In addition, in the games played without audience, referee bias decreases and home teams’fouls increase.
Research limitations/implications–Supporting spectators can have different effects on players in these teams. Future research needs to focus on analyzing the impact of spectators on individual player performance.
Practical implications/Social implications–Understanding how crowds influence individual or team performance and decision-making.
Originality/value–The estimations of attendance on team performance, home field advantage, and referee bias provide the understandings that the effects of social environments in individual or team performance and decision-making.