誰算是我們德國人？土耳其與其他穆斯林移民與德國社會的整合之挑戰

歐洲早有反伊斯蘭與反穆斯林論述，然而，2015年難民危機與近年來歐洲國家興起的極右派政黨，使原本在歷史長河中已然存在的伊斯蘭恐懼症更形強化。德國社會與穆斯林之間相關議題之對象，除了難民之外，則是1960年代以客工身分進入德國的土耳其人及其後代。由於德國深植於由「血緣」認定國族成員身分的歷史，以及基督教文明、強調自由、民主、人權等歐洲價值，致使來自伊斯蘭世界的穆斯林移民始終被認定難以融入德國社會。德國從未真正實行多元文化政策，雖曾嘗試與伊斯蘭組織進行對話，但未真正賦予穆斯林主體性，穆斯林移民之內部差異與真實生活亦難以呈現，以此反而看到德國走向後多元文化主義所呈現的面貌。德國處理穆斯林移民議題的思維與作法，實際上所映射出的是該國如何自我定位以及伊斯蘭恐懼症所產生的影響。因此，本文聚焦於從文化、政治與社會層面探討德國伊斯蘭恐懼症的獨特背景與成因，以及穆斯林群體的回應做為論述主軸。在文化層面上，與德國國族認同與「文化國」邏輯有關，而這也導致在政治上限制穆斯林移民參與，在社會上，則是在日常生活中對穆斯林抱有偏見並歧視之。德國穆斯林群體除了常被認為不符合自由、民主與平等的價值之外，性別不平等與其所形成的平行社會，以及反猶更是最易因伊斯蘭恐懼症而引發的最主要譴責。德國穆斯林社群透過在媒體或網路平台發聲、以藝術創作，或是與猶太人串聯合作等具體行動做為回應，而這些行動在本質上具有政治性，其亦可補足穆斯林受限的政治參與之缺口。德國社會是否能將穆斯林從被排除的「他們」視為「我們」，這還需要多久時間方能達成？若能聽到的是穆斯林的聲音，而非將他們視為宗教與文化的代表，含括穆斯林移民的「我們」才可能成形與存在。

Anti-Islam and anti-Muslim discourses have long existed in Europe. The refugee crisis of 2015 and the rise of the far right-wing political parties in Europe have also intensified the Islamophobia which has existed throughout history. In addition to the issues of the“refugees,”the positionings of the Turkish“guest workers”who arrived in Germany since the 1960s and their offspring are mostly related to the relationship between Germany and the Muslims. The Muslim immigrants have been seen as those who have difficulty in integrating into Germany because Germany has rooted its conceptualization of nationality in“blood,”and their belief in Christianity, and the European value, which emphasize liberty, democracy, and human rights, which demarcates the Europeans from the Muslims. Germany has never practiced multicultural policy. A dialogue had been launched with the Islamic organizations, but the subjectivity of the Muslims has never been given. Accordingly, the internal difference and life of the Muslims are rendered invisible. In this sense, the ambivalence imbricated in German post-multiculturalism thus reveals. In dealing with Muslim immigrants, Germany has actually reflected on their position in self-identification and the impact that has been exerted by Islamophobia. Therefore, this article focuses on the particular background and causes of Islamophobia in Germany from the cultural, political, and social aspects, and the responses of Muslim groups as the main axis of discussion. On the cultural level, it is related to the logic of German national identity and“Kulturnation,”which also leads to political restrictions on the participation of Muslim immigrants and socially, prejudice and discrimination against Muslims in daily life. In addition to the fact that the German Muslim community is often considered to be inconsistent with the values of freedom, democracy, and equality, gender inequality, living in a parallel society, and anti-Semitism which are the main condemnations that are most likely to be caused by Islamophobia. The Muslim community in Germany responds to Islamophobia by speaking out on media or online platforms, art, or collaborating with Jews. These actions are political in nature and can complement the limited political participation of Muslims. How long would Germany take to treat the Muslims as one of“us”? It would be possible to include the Muslims in“us”if their voices would be heard. Most important of all, Muslims should not be considered as the representatives of their religion and culture. In this way, the Muslims would be indeed incorporated into“us.”