國際關係研究的複雜轉向之評述

A Commentary on Complex Turns in International Relations Studies

國際關係理論為一綜合學科，與心理學、歷史、地理、文化等多項學科交織而成。在理論發展過程中，曾有基於物理學忌妒(physics envy)而嘗試走向物理學因果封閉性的國關理論科學化，或是把人類的大腦視為一部電腦，嘗試透過神經科學來解釋人類行為的神經科學轉向，亦有認為物理學的因果封閉性不能為社會結構此一非物理實存論述提供空間，而須在本體論上朝向量子力學以調和社會科學與自然科學的嘗試。亦有提醒人類或許正在面臨第六次大滅絕，以至於國際關係研究的思考必須超越過往以人類為核心的後人類轉向，或是認為國際關係學科已經少有宏觀理論層次上的大辯論，而疾呼國際關係理論走向終局的論述出現。這些國際關係理論研究方向的多重嘗試與反思，都反映出該學科研究的多樣性。在這些轉向中，亦有直接強調國際關係複雜現象已經無法藉由過去的理論得到理想的解答，因而重新透過諸如複雜適應系統中的正反回饋來解釋國家行為，並對國際上的能動者採取較為開放的態度，這種開放態度也在其他的研究中被採納，進而造就了諸如後人類主義的研究轉向。因此複雜理論是因應國際關係森羅萬象現實面所作出的研究調整，並與其他的轉向相呼應，本文目的在闡述國際關係複雜轉向的基本論點與相關的限制，本文亦認為複雜轉向是有志於涉略國際關係研究諸多轉向研究的理想起始點。

International Relations Theory is a comprehensive discipline interwoven with psychology, history, geography, culture and other disciplines. In the process of theoretical development, there have been attempts to scientize the theory of national relations based on the envy of physics, or to treat the human brain as a computer, and try to explain human beings through neuroscience. In the neuroscientific turn of behavior, there are also attempts to reconcile the social sciences with the natural sciences by turning onto quantum mechanics on the ontological basis of the causal closure of physics, which cannot provide space for the discourse of non-physical existence of social structure. There are also reminders that human beings may be facing the sixth mass extinction, so that the thinking of international relations research must go beyond the post-human turn with humans as the core subject in the past, or think that the international relations discipline has few major debates at the macro-theoretical level, And the discourse that calls for the end of international relations theory appears.
These multiple attempts and reflections on the research direction of international relations theory reflect the diversity of research in this discipline. In these shifts, it is also directly emphasized that the complex phenomena of international relations can no longer be ideally solved by past theories, so they re-explain state behavior through positive feedback in complex adaptive systems, and take measures against international actors. A more open attitude, which has also been adopted in other research, has led to research shifts such as post-humanism.
Therefore, the complex theory is a research adjustment made in response to the diverse reality of international relations, and echoes with other turns. The purpose of this paper is to explain the basic arguments and related limitations of the complex turn in international relations. This study also believes that the complex turn is aimed at an ideal starting point for research involving the many turns of international relations research.