漢晉時期河西羌胡中的小月氏

The Lesser Yuezhi among the Qiang-Hu Peoples in the Hexi Region during the Han and Jin Dynasties

月氏在西漢初期被匈奴擊敗後被迫西徙中亞，自此後西遷的月氏部眾被稱為大月氏，而留在河西走廊未西遷者則被稱作小月氏。傳統史料對小月氏的記載十分零散，因此小月氏在漢晉時期的蹤跡便顯得混沌不明。史家發現漢晉時期的月氏人多以「支」為姓，本文擬先追跡漢晉時期史籍中小月氏的活動歷史，接著試圖估算兩漢時期小月氏的族群數量，從人口比重的角度凸顯其在漢晉河西地區的族群地位，最後再從史料記載中探索小月氏人身上所展現的一些內亞習俗。本文發現小月氏在兩漢時期河西涼州地區仍至少保有三至五萬的人口，約占當地漢族人口的十分之一，是當地一支不可忽視的族群力量。且東漢末年在河西所謂的「羌胡」勢力中，小月氏可能是其中胡族的重要組成部分，董卓正是仰仗這支力量而在漢末崛起並操控政權。而從小月氏身上所展現的某些內亞習俗來看，小月氏人儘管已與當地漢族雜居超過二百年，但仍保留若干內亞游牧民族自身的胡人習俗（族群性），這可能也是小月氏人始終能維持其族群獨立的重要原因。因此透過追索小月氏在這段期間的活動，可以協助我們理解日後西晉五胡得以逐鹿中原的歷史背景。

After being defeated by the Xiongnu in the early Western Han period, the Yuezhi were forced to migrate westward to Central Asia. From that point onward, those who migrated were known as the Greater Yuezhi, while those who remained in the Hexi Corridor were called the Lesser Yuezhi. Traditional historical records regarding the Lesser Yuezhi are scattered and fragmented, resulting in an unclear picture of their presence during the Han and Jin periods. Historians have noted that during these periods, the Yuezhi people often adopted the surname Zhi. This article first traces the recorded activities of the Lesser Yuezhi from Han and Jin historical texts and then estimates their population during the Han dynasty. By analyzing their demographic significance, the article highlights the ethnic status of the Lesser Yuezhi in the Hexi region during the Han and Jin periods. Finally, this study explores the Inner Asian customs associated with the Lesser Yuezhi, as documented in historical sources.
The findings suggest that the Lesser Yuezhi retained a population of at least 30,000 to 50,000 in the Hexi and Liangzhou regions during the Han period, constituting about one-tenth of the local Han population and representing a significant ethnic group in the area. Furthermore, in the so-called Qiang and Hu forces of the Hexi region during the late Eastern Han period, the Lesser Yuezhi were likely a key component of the Hu groups. Dong Zhuo leveraged this force to gain power and control at the end of the Han period. Despite coexisting with the local Han people for over 200 years, the Lesser Yuezhi preserved certain customs of the Inner Asian nomadic Hu peoples, which may have been crucial for maintaining their ethnic identity. Thus, tracing the activities of the Lesser Yuezhi during this period offers insights into the historical context that later enabled the Five Hu to contend for dominance in northern China during the Western Jin dynasty.