FSIA下自由裁量權例外的規則解構與中國因應

The FSIA's Discretionary Exception: Rule Deconstruction and China's Response Strategies

自由裁量權例外是FSIA下非商業侵權行為例外的例外情形。在完整侵權行為規則不斷受到挑戰的背景下，這一“例外的例外”為外國政府提供了另一重保護。自由裁量權例外的適用應當符合兩個條件：（1）該行為屬於自由裁量行為；（2）該行為應當是國會立法旨在保護的，基於經濟、社會、政策等目的進行的行為。然而，這一規則不僅高度依附FTCA的對應規則，也高度依附行政機關意見。這種規則的不安定性，根植於FSIA侵權例外的立法邏輯缺陷，造成了自由裁量權例外的合法性危機。然而，自由裁量權例外依舊是保護我國豁免權的有力武器。FSIA判例法和FTCA對應規則的框架限制了自由裁量權例外規則的解釋限度。因此，在應對將我國列為被告的外國訴訟時，我國不僅應當關注自由裁量權例外本身，還應當關注FTCA相應規則的發展情況；同時，我國還可利用美國司法與政治的張力、美國司法體系的上訴不平衡現象等優化應對法律預案。另外，自由裁量權例外的發展也為我國豁免法侵權例外提供了構建指引。

The discretionary exception is an exception to the non-commercial tort exception under the FSLA. This exception provides foreign governments with another layer of protection when entire tort doctrine is being challenged fiercely. The application of the discretionary exception should meet two criteria: (1) the act or omission is discretionary in nature; (2) the act should be based on economic, social, policy and other purposes, and covered by the legislative purpose of the Congress. Nevertheless, the rule is not only highly dependent on the parallel rule under the FTCA, but also highly dependent on the opinions of administrative agencies, ledding to the instability of and the legitimacy crisis of discretionary exception. The reason is the legislative logic flaw in the FSIA infringement exception. However, the discretionary exception remains a powerful weapon protecting our country's immunity. The standard of criteria is still strictly guided by the FTCA's discretionary functional exception and following the FSIA precedents. Therefore, when responding as a defendant, we should not only utilize the discretionary exception but also pay attention to the development of the FTCA's discretionary function exception; at the same time, we should also utilize the conflict between judicial and political in the United States, such as asymmetric appeal, etc., to optimize the response strategies. In addition, the development of the discretionary exception provides guidelines for the litigations of the tort exception in Chinese immunity law.