公海深海漁業管理的國際法制度

The International Legal Framework of the Management of Deep Sea Fisheries in the High Seas

自20世紀下半葉以來，公海中的深海漁業快速增長，但傳統的公海漁業法制則未涉及公海中深海漁業的問題。自2004年以返，聯合國一直注意及處理深海漁業的相關問題。基於聯合國的建議，聯合國糧農組織在2008年8月9日通過「公海深海漁業管理國際準則」（下稱深海漁業管理準則），以期有助於國家及區域漁業管理組織推動深海漁業的管理。深海漁業管理準則的目的，在於確保深海海洋生物資源的長期養護與可持續利用，以及防止脆弱海洋生態系遭受重大不利影響。國家及區域漁業管理組織應依深海漁業管理準則的規定，對於深海漁業採取管理措施。深海漁業管理準則針對下列事項做出規定：管理的一般性原則、管理主體、數據蒐集與評估、管理的有效落實、管理措施、管理措施成效的檢討，以及發展中國家的特殊需求。深海漁業管理準則特別界定脆弱海洋生態系的概念與重大不利影響的概念，並責成國家及區域漁業管理組織採取措施，防止脆弱海洋生態系遭受重大不利影響。
深海漁業管理準則的功能在於補充公海漁業法制，因此深海漁業管理準則應配合公海漁業法制而為解釋及適用。深海漁業管理準則並非條約法，因此它不可能被引入我國法制領域而成為我國法制的一環，但立法院得制定專法或修訂現行相關規定，來吸收深海漁業管理準則的內涵，並藉由此種方法來達到落實深海漁業管理準則的目的。

Since the second part of 20th century, the deep-sea fisheries in the high seas had been intensified. The issues arising out of deep-sea fisheries revealed a gap in the international legal framework of high-sea fisheries. Since 2004, the United Nations had focused on dealing with the issues pertaining to the deep-sea fisheries. On 9 August 2008, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations adopted the International Guidelines for the Management of Deep- Sea Fisheries in the High Seas (Guidelines) to assist states and regional fisheries management organizations (RFMO) in managing deep-sea fisheries. The objectives of the Guidelines are to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of marine living resources and to prevent significant adverse impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems. In order to achieve these objectives, states and RFMO should adopt and implement management measures in accordance with the Guidelines. The Guidelines makes provisions relating to general management considerations, governance framework, data collection and assessment, enforcement and compliance, management and conservation tools, assessment and review of effectiveness of measures. The Guidelines defines the concepts of vulnerable marine ecosystem and significant adverse impact, and obliges states and RFMO to take measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems.
The Guidelines is designed to supplement the existing legal framework of high-sea fisheries. Hence, the Guidelines should be interpreted and applied in conjunction with the existing legal framework of high-sea fisheries. The Guidelines is not a treaty law. It is impossible to incorporate it into the domestic legal system. But the Legislative Yuan could enact a new law or adjust the current law in accordance with the Guidelines in order to carry it out.