人間佛教嗎？馬新現代漢傳佛教的再思考

Humanistic Buddhism? Rethinking the Modernization of Chinese Buddhism in Malay(si)a and Singapore

人間佛教思潮發軔於20世紀的中國，是中國傳統的漢傳佛教面對社會新形勢的自我革新型態。馬來（西）亞與新加坡的漢傳佛教屬傳播型的佛教，是中國佛教的海外傳播；中國漢傳佛教在中國原鄉與在馬新社會，面對了不同的社會型態，傳播型的中國漢傳佛教來到馬新多元民族與宗教的新社會，究竟如何自傳統佛教轉化為人間佛教？本文擬就現有的馬新佛教研究成果，綜合討論兩地漢傳佛教的現代化進程，進而開啟人間佛教研究的新篇章。本文預計先行處理「何謂人間佛教」，進而討論馬新社會的「為何人間佛教」，最後就現有的觀察，梳理「有幾個人間佛教」的當代佛教實踐現象。

Humanistic Buddhism originated in 20th–century China as a form of self-innovation within traditional Chinese Buddhism in response to new social conditions.“Chinese”Buddhism in Malay(si)a and Singapore was a transmitted type of Buddhism, part of the overseas dissemination of Chinese Buddhism. Facing distinct societal contexts in its native China and in the multi-ethnic and multi-religious societies of Malaysia and Singapore, how has this transmitted form of traditional Chinese Buddhism transformed into Humanistic Buddhism? Based on existing research on Buddhism in Malaysia and Singapore, this article aims to comprehensively discuss the modernization process of Chinese Buddhism in the two countries, opening a new chapter in the development of Humanistic Buddhism. This paper will first address the question“what is Humanistic Buddhism?”, followed by a discussion of“why Humanistic Buddhism?”in the context of Malaysian and Singaporean society. Finally, based on current observations, the paper examines the contemporary Buddhist practice of“how many types of Humanistic Buddhism are there?”in Malaysia and Singapore.