秦楚之際古文的特徵及相關資料的甄別

Features of and Approaches to Identifying the Restored Scripts of the Six States in the Times of the Qin and the Chu

「秦楚之際」，文獻又稱為「秦漢之際」，主要是指陳勝、吳廣起事反秦到楚漢之爭結束的一段歷史時期。根據史書的記載，秦楚之際反秦勢力一定程度恢復了六國舊制，但同時也保留了一些秦的制度，形成了六國制度與秦制兼用並行的局面。這個時代的文字同樣存在著六國與秦雜糅的現象。六國故地的反秦政權曾經嘗試恢復六國古文，然而由於「書同文字」政策的巨大影響，導致這些復舊的古文大都雜糅了秦文字的形體、用字等特點，帶有「書同文字」的烙印。
本文首先對已有研究進行了回顧與檢討，尤其是比較細緻地討論了湖南益陽兔子山遺址出土的秦楚之際古文簡，指出以六國古文為基調，又混雜了秦文字的部分書寫特點，是秦楚之際古文資料的基本特徵，繼而以此為基礎，結合考古訊息、文獻內容等指出，榆次王湖嶺M3出土的墨書簽牌、里耶一號井出土的古文簡、巢湖北山頭一號漢墓出土的古文資料以及「邘倉之鉨‧倉吏」、「□（？）官之鉨」、「正官之鉨」、「□里□鉨」、「□（卒）□（府）」、「戠（職）飤之鉨」、「長信侯□」、「□□□鉨」、「良□之鉨」、「屈□」等印章均為秦楚之際的古文資料。這些資料是秦楚之際復辟六國古文的實物證據，在文字學史上具有重要的價值，同時也是記錄秦楚之際歷史的一手史料，具有重要的史學價值。

The“times of the Qin and the Chu”秦楚之際, also known as the Qin-Han transition within related literature, refers to the historical period from the uprising against the Qin Empire led by Chen Sheng陳勝(?–208 BCE) and Wu Guang吳廣(?–208 BCE) to the end of the Chu-Han Contention. According to historical records, anti-Qin forces had restored the old systems of the six states—excluding the Qin—of the Warring States period, yet had also retained some of the Qin’s, creating an amalgamation of the two. As a measure of the rebellion, the scripts of the six states, also known as liuguo guwen六國古文or simply guwen, had been restored as well. However, due to the significant influence of the shu tong wenzi書同文字policy, namely the standardization of written characters, launched by the Qin regime, characteristics of both the Qin and Chu writing systems were merged into most of these scripts, which can thus arguably act as a yardstick in identifying the restored scripts in question.
This article first illustrates the above phenomenon by focusing on the characteristics of the characters“Zhangchu zhi sui”張楚之歲(“the year after the foundation of the Zhangchu regime”) on an unearthed gu觚vessel from Well No. 8 at the Tuzishan archaeological site in Yiyang. This article then demonstrates that some of the textual materials considered relics of the Warring States period are actually written in the restored style of the times of the Qin and the Chu, including the bamboo slips from Well No. 8 at Tuzishan, the wooden tag from Wanghuling tomb M3 at Yuci, the bamboo slips with guwen from Well No. 1 at Liye, the bronze inscriptions and a seal written in guwen from Han tomb No. 1 at Beishantou in Chaohu, and another eight bronze seals. These are pieces of physical evidence for the revival of the scripts of the six states, as well as firsthand relics and historical records of the times of the Qin and the Chu, ultimately proving to be of great importance to both historical and paleographical studies.